• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.126-144
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• 1974

Adult female prawn, Macrobrachium japonicum, which used for this work were collected at the river Simanto, Shikoku in Japan, and removed in the laboratory. Newly hatched larvae from an adult reared in circulation-filtered aquaria, which is controlled under the conditions of water temperature $26\pm0.3^{\circ}C$, chlorinity $6.21-6.45\%$ Cl, pH 8.0-8.1, illumination 3000 lux, and fed on Artemia salina nauplius sufficielltly For a period of rearing of zoea larvae, big individuals-individual varying bodies, comparing with standard bodies in the same aged individual group, are occasionally appeared from fifth zoea larva stage, and occurence of it be tempted to relate with the factor of trophic condition. This paper was dealt with a comparative morphological view on big individuals, comparing with standard type in the same aged group, to solve the problem on (1). the existence or nonexistence of stages which it is easier to occurence of big individuals, (2). the rate of development in several appendages of an individual, and (3). a happening of skipping whether it certainly occur or not, during newly hatched zoea larvae develop to post larva stage. The results of the above are as follow: (1). the stages which is easier to occur of big individuals are fifth and seventh stage in this species, (2). even same individual, development of several appendages differs more or less on the rate of growth in accordance with its parts, (3). Evidence which skipping phenomenon is occured, during development through zoea larvae to post larvae, couldn't confirm.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.351-367
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• 2020

The pigments of three old and new celestial charts folding screens(『Celestial Chart(Folding Screen)』 and 『Old and New Celestial Charts, Eight-Panel Folding Screen』 of National Folk Museum of Korea and 『Koudou-Nanboku-Ryousouseizu』 of National Diet Library of Japan) were analyzed to estimate their dating. It was estimated that the 『Celestial Charts(Folding Screen)』 was painted using traditional pigments from the Joseon dynasty such as azurite, indigo lake, malachite, atacamite, vermilion, iron oxide, cochineal, gamboge, orpiment, lead white, talc and soot. The green and blue colors of the 『Old and New Celestial Charts, Eight-Panel Folding Screen』 and 『Koudou-Nanboku-Ryousouseizu』 were painted using artificial inorganic pigments such as emerald green and ultramarine blue. These pigments were imported from Europe post the mid-19th century. In the 『Old and New Celestial Chart, Eight-Panel Folding Screen』, only artificial inorganic pigments were used for green and blue colors. However in the 『Koudou-Nanboku-Ryousouseizu』, emerald green and atacamite in green color, and ultramarine blue and indigo lake in blue color were used together. Based on both the results of pigment analysis and the study of star charts and inscriptions, the 『Celestial Charts(Folding Screen)』 was painted post mid-18th century. The 『Koudou-Nanboku-Ryousouseizu』 and 『Old and New Celestial Charts, Eight-Panel Folding Screen』 were painted after green and blue artificial pigments were imported in the mid-19th century. The 『Koudou-Nanboku-Ryousouseizu』 in which both traditional and western artificial pigments were used, can be dated earlier than the 『Old and New Celestial Chart, Eight-Panel Folding Screen』.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2005

An important theme of this paper is to search for more genelalities of diversity and distribution pattern on the trampled plant communities in Daegu area. A total of 50 phytosociological releves were analyzed by the Zurich-Montpellier School's method and generalized habitat characteristics by using Euclidean coefficient and PCoA (Principal Coordinates Analysis). Five plant communities were classified and matched into largely two physiognomic types: grass-types such as Eragrostis ferruginea community, Eleusine indica community, Setaria viridis community, Digitaria ciliaris community, and forb-type of Plantage asiatica community only. These plant communities correspond to quite distinctive four habitat types, with both soil stability and moisture in microhabitat conditions: stable-moderate, unstable-moderate, stable-dry, and unstable-dry. Top-ten species showing the highest relative net contribution degree(r-NCD) were Digitaria ciliaris, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis ferruginea, Plantago asiatica, Echinochloa crus-galli, Trifolium repens, Polygonum aviculare, Setaria viridis, Setaria glauca and Artemisia princeps. The front three species showing more than 50% in percent r-NCD possess florescence after monsoon season. It is critically pointed out that the regional ecological differentiations i.e. the Daegu bioclimatic division, the $C_4$-plant dominant season(post-monsoon) of Korean peninsula, and species composition different from Japan's Plantaginetalia asiaticae, are the basis for deriving characteristics of the roadbed trampled plant communities of Daegu.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.71-85
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• 2000

Social support was found to have buffering effects on the stress response of stroke patients. Especially, the aspects of social support found to be most influential were support from a close, personal source, and overall satisfaction with support. The purpose of this study was to identify the current social network and its characteristics according to gender difference in post-hospitalized stroke patients in Korea. The sample consisted of a convenience sample of 254 patients was recruited 129 men and 125 women who were receiving follow-up care at outpatients clinics. Four aspects of social support-source, quantity, qualify & type- were measured using the modified Social Support Inventory for Stroke Survivors(SSISS) which was developed by McColl & Friedland(1989). Regarding sources of social support, 61.4% reported for 'spouse' as primary caregiver and 31.9%, 'children'. But the distribution of sources of personal support were related to gender; 82.2% of male patients had support from their spouses, while only 40% of female patients reported from 'spouse' but 51.4% from 'children'. Among the children, daughters and sons were more significant support persons than daughters-in-law. The percentages for sources of these significant other support persons were 55.5% for 'children', 8.7% for 'spouse', and 8.3% for 'brothers'. The physician at the outpatient department was the main source of professional support. For the quantify and qualify of social support, the primary caregiver's support was more significant than support by significant other persons. Male patients reported that primary the caregiver' support was greater than that of significant other persons, while female patients perceived significant other persons as giving greater support. Regarding the type of perceived social support, the stroke patients were highly satisfied with the primary caregiver's support in aspects of instrumental, emotional, and informational support. They also reported high satisfaction with support from significant others' support in the aspect of emotional support, while emotional and informational support from professionals was reported as satisfactory. In conclusion, gender difference in the social support network was found in that male patients perceived more support from their spouses, while female patients perceived more support from their children as compared to their spouses.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.25
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• pp.775-798
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• 2011

From Post-Modern Edo-language of Japan, it is possible to find expression formats related to current Tokyo language. However, in some cases, Tokyo language and Edo-language has the same format but different usage. One example is the ending portion of a sentence. This research investigates conclusive expressions of Edo-language in literary works excluding the usage of "ダ". Various formats of conclusive expressions appear in a conversation, and the usage is closely related to the speaker's sex, age, and social status. Also from the study, it was possible to see that the social relationship between a speaker and a listener and a conversation circumstance has an effect on the usage of conclusive expressions. In addition, usage does not conform to the current standard Japanese. 1. Currently "である(dearu)" format is seldom used in speaking, it is used with "だ" only in writing. The study found no case of "である(dearu)" in conclusive expressions but some use of "であろうて(dearoute) であらうな(dearouna)" "であったのう(deattanou) であったよ(deattayo)" only in old aged male. 2. "であります(dearimasu)" format is a typical Edo-language used by society-women (Japanese hostess who has a good education and an elegant speaking skills). This format was used once in "浮世風呂"(ukiyoburo) and 14 times in "梅?"(umegoyomi), but speakers were always a female. The reason for 14 occurrences in "梅?" is closely related to the fact that the main characters are society-women and genre is "人情本(ninjoubourn)" which is popular type of cultural literature (based on humanity and romance) in late Edo period. 3. "でござる" format is originally used as a respect-language but later changed to a polite language. The format is always used by male. It is a male language used by old aged people with a genteel manner such as a medical doctor, a retired man, or a funny-song writer. 4. "ございます(gozaimasu) ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" The study found the speaker's social status has a connection with the use of "ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" format. Which is "ございます(gozaimasu)" format but instead of [ai], long vowel [eː] is used. "ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" is more used by a female than a male and only used by young and mid-to-low class people. The format has a tough nuance and less elegant feel, therefore high class and/or educated ladies have a clear tendency to avoiding it

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.181-195
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• 2018

On December 12, 2015, the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement, in which several developed and developing countries all committed to participating in the reduction of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. South Korea has submitted an intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) proposal with a target to cut down 37% greenhouse gas business as usual (BAU) until 2030 in preparation for the 2030 GHG BAU. Under the post-2020 regime, which will be launched from 2021 as the agreement entered into force early, it is expected that efforts to support GHG reduction and adaptation to climate change in developing countries will be accelerated with the utilization of technologies and financial resources of developed countries. South Korea has established the Basic Plan for Climate Change Response and the Basic National Roadmap for Greenhouse Gas Reductions by 2030 to promote the response to climate change at the government level. The Ministry of Science and ICT, as the National Designated Entity designated by the UNFCCC, has come up with middle and long-term strategies for climate technology cooperation. South-Korea has an abundance of energy-consuming industries to support its export-oriented industrial structure; it is thus expected that achieving the GHG reduction target will incur a considerable cost. Moreover, in order to meet the reduction target (11.3%) of the intended nationally determined contribution proposed by South Korea, it is necessary for South Korea to actively promote projects that can achieve GHG reduction achievements, and financial resources are needed as leverage to reduce risks that can occur in the early stages of projects and attract private sector investment. This paper summarizes the theoretical discussions on climate finance and conducted a comparative analysis on the status of the funds related to climate change response in the UK, Germany, Japan and Denmark. Through this, we proposed the legal and policy tasks that should be carried forward to raise public funds that can be used for creation of new industries related to climate change as well as to reduce GHG emissions in South Korea. The Climate Change Countermeasures Act, which has been proposed by the National Assembly of South-Korea, stipulates the establishment of funds but there is no additional funding except for general account. In this regard, it is also possible to take measures such as the introduction of carbon tax or the collection and use of royalties through technology research and development projects for climate change, such as Industrial Technology Innovation Promotion Act. In addition, since funds are used in various fields such as domestic greenhouse gas reduction, technology development, and overseas projects, it is necessary to establish a system in which various ministries cooperate with the operation of the fund.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.421-440
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• 2010

This paper examines middle powers' ODA policy in the post cold war era and discusses its implication for Korean aid strategy. Middle powers' ODA has been more successful than that of super powers in promoting donors' positive images and in stimulating recipient countries' development. Middle powers tend to pursue multilateral solutions to international problems often by taking a mediator role, and their ODA policies set them apart from the great players in international politics. Middle powers' ODA is primarily aimed at reducing poverty and protecting human rights in least developed countries where humanitarian aid needs the most rather than promoting donors' interests. Also, middle powers have provided bilateral untied aid in the sectors of food aid and emergency relief and steadily devoted about 0.7% of their gross national income to ODA. Meanwhile, Korea as an emerging middle power and a new donor has been implementing its own aid strategy under the name of the Korean development model since the post cold war period. The Korean ODA was not successful in building donors' positive images by simply following the short term strategies of US and Japan. Yet, its ODA policy has been quite effective in sustaining local development by creating specific niches in which the country can specialize in. In specific, Korea has focused on developing the sectors of information and communication technology and industry energy in recipients' countries by maximizing its comparative advantage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.1171-1178
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• 2023

In study, we investigated changes on growth and chlorophyll concentration on sprouted barley by fractionated X-ray irradiation (FXI). Group was divided into the control group (CG), 1-time irradiation group (30 Gy once), 2-time irradiation group (15 Gy 2 times), and 3-time irradiation group (10 Gy 3 times), and 20 grains were used per group. Experimental group (EG) was exposed by using linear accelerator (Clinac IS, VERIAN, USA), by 6 MV X-ray, SSD 100 cm, 18×10 cm², 600 MU/min. Length was measured every day until 9th day, and chlorophyl was analyzed using spectrophotometer(uv-1800, shimadzu, japan) in 9th day. Data analysis was performed the One-way ANOVA using SPSS ver 26.0(Chicago, IL, USA). In the pre-germination irradiation group (Pre-GIG), the CG had greater length than the EG on all measurement days, and as the number of FXI increased, the length became shorter. In the post-germination irradiation group (Post-GIG), the length of the CG was statistically significantly greater than that of the EG on all measurement days, and as the number of FXI increased, the length also became longer. The chlorophyll concentration was higher in the Post-GIG than in the Pre-GIG, and chlorophyll concentrations of EG was higher in the Pre-GIG than in the CG, as well as and Post-GIG. In addition, the smaller the number of FXI, the higher the chlorophyll concentration in both groups. FXI was found to affect the growth and chlorophyll concentration of sprouted barley.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1971

The "Younger Granites" in Korea were being believed to be late Cretaceous in age and named "Bulkuksa granites" by all previous works until the writer had discovered Jurassic granite in 1963. The present paper is to prove its validity by age dating on these granites which was carried out by Professor Y. Ueda, Tohoku University, Japan. The age of 37 granites samples from various localities ranges from 68 my to 181 my. Of these 10 samples belonged to early Jurassic, 6 samples to mid-Jurassic, 4 samples to late Jurassic, 5 samples to early Cretaceous, and 12 samples to late Cretaceous in age. It is of the writer's opinion that the granites intruded in from early Jurassic to early Cretaceous age belong to Daebo granites and are syntectonic plutons associated with Daebo orogeny, and only those of late Cretaceous age belong to Bulkuksa granites that were associated with Bulkuksa disturbance. Daebo granites are aligned along NE-SW Sinian direction in the middle parts of Korea and crop out in the cores of folded mountains which were formed by Daebo Orogeny, such as Charyong, Noryong, Sobaek, and Dukyu Ranges. On the contrary Bulkuksa granites are restricted in Kyongsang basin and adjacent few localities in distribution and show no alignment. Granites supposedly associated with other disturbances of post-precambrian Have not been found so far in S. Korea. Age dating of granites has revealed that Daebo orogeny might be continuous from Songrim distur bance of late Triassic age. From this viewpoint, it could be assumed that Daedong system of Jurassic age were deposited in separate intermontain basins while Daebo orogeny was active, so that Daedong system in separate localities in Korea could not been correlated in their lithology as well as stratig raphy.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.595-603
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• 2015

The influence of Japonism, which is the post-mid-$19^{th}$ century phenomenon of appreciating and preferring the Japanese style that manifested all across Western art, started to grow as a result of the active open-door policy of Japan at this time. As all areas of Japanese arts and culture, such as paintings, sculptures and theater plays, influenced Europe and America, this influence developed into a cultural phenomenon that was reflected even in fashion. The characteristic elements of the kimono first expanded from Paris and showed a similar silhouette to that of the traditional kimono in the early $20^{th}$ century, but towards the middle and the end of the century, kimono sleeves that were connected as one piece without a connecting seam line between the sleeve and bodice started to appear. The foundation of this research focuses on the design characteristics of kimono sleeves that can be seen in $20^{th}$-century fashion, and five varying kimono sleeve jackets and coats based on these formative characteristics were designed. Each design had a gusset design added, which improved the external and mobility problems inherent in kimono sleeve patterns, while at the same time serving as a proposal for new design element applications. Additionally, through various changes to and attempts at designs using the kimono sleeve as a limiting factor, new design possibilities were explored.