• Educational Technology International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-181
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• 2022

Scale scores for cognitive domains have been used as an important indicator for both academic achievement and clinical diagnosis. For example, in education, Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT) has been used to measure student's capability in academic learning. In a clinical setting, Cognitive Impairment Screening Test utilizes items measuring cognitive ability as a dementia screening test. We demonstrated a procedure of generating cognitive ability test items similar as in CogAT but the theory associated with the generation is totally different. When creating cognitive test items, we applied automatic item generation (AIG) that reduces errors in predictions of cognitive ability but attains higher reliability. We selected two cognitive ability test items, categorized as a time estimation item for measuring quantitative reasoning and a paper-folding item for measuring visualization. As CogAT has widely used as a cognitive measurement test, developing an AIG-based cognitive test items will greatly contribute to education field. Since CLASS is the only LMS including AIG technology, we used it for the AIG software to construct item models. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the item generation process using AIG implemented within CLASS, along with proving quantitative and qualitative strengths of AIG. In result, we confirmed that more than 10,000 items could be made by a single item model in the quantitative aspect and the validity of items could be assured by the procedure based on ECD and AE in the qualitative aspect. This reliable item generation process based on item models would be the key of developing accurate cognitive measurement tests.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.813-827
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• 2006

In this investigation, the following study was carried out for an experimental proposal of the knit item lists which were not actualized due to lack of studies. First of all, we have put the knit item titles that have been used through the document investigation, into the lists in order to clarify the original item list. Furthermore, we have pointed out the problems and the areas to be developed in the original item lists, and proposed twenty new knit item lists. By defining the design traits of each item, we have established item list which could be classified more systematically. As a result, the knit item titles of twenty newly proposed item titles are knit pull over, knit pull over top, knit top, knit t shirt, knit shirt, knit polo shirt, knit blouse, knit vest, knit hood, knit jumper, knit jacket, knit coat, knit cardigan, knit ensemble, knit cape, knit shawl, knit bikini, knit one-piece, knit pants, and knit skirt. Secondly, in order to investigate the possibility of practical use of twenty knit item lists proposed by this study, we have applied anova with repeated measurement for foreign fashion collection knit item trends of the past 10 years based on the proposed item lists. As a result, four items classified as top, shirt, cardigan, and pants had similar changes in the trend for last 10 years in S/S season while eleven items classified as pull over, pull over top, blouse, vest, jacket, coat, cardigan, ensemble, cape, shawl, and one-piece had similar trend changes for F/W season. The first significance of this study is on the experimental proposal of knit item list which could be used in the actual clothing industry and academic field. Furthermore, by defining the design traits of each knit item, it sublated the confusions brought by vocabularies in design of knit products and distribution in the industry perspective, and it made it possible to categorize the knit items correctly in knit design analysis and knit design education in academic field. The second significance shows that this study brought about positive results in the possibility of industrial academic practical use of proposed list by indicating that most of the knit designs appeared in the foreign collections in the past ten years could be correctly classified through investigational analysis.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2018

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to perform items analysis using the classical test theory (CTT) and the item response theory (IRT), and to establish the validity and reliability of the Korean version of pressure ulcer prevention knowledge. Methods: The 26-item pressure ulcer prevention knowledge instrument was translated into Korean, and the item analysis of the 22 items having an adequate content validity index (CVI), was conducted. A total of 240 registered nurses in 2 university hospitals completed the questionnaire. Each item was analyzed applying CTT and IRT according to 2-parameter logistic model. Response alternatives quality, item difficulty and item discrimination were evaluated. For testing validity and reliability, Pearson correlation coefficient and Kuder Richardson-20 (KR-20) were used. Results: Scale CVI was .90 (Item-CVI range= .75-1.00). The total correct answer rate for this study population was relatively low as 52.5%. The quality of response alternatives was found to be relatively good (range= .02-.83). The item difficulty of the questions ranged form .10 to .86 according to CTT and -12.19 to 29.92 according to the IRT. This instrument had 12-low, 2-medium and 8-high item difficulty applying IRT. The values for the item discrimination ranged .04-.57 applying CTT and .00-1.47 applying IRT. And overall internal consistency (KR-20) was .62 and stability (test-retest) was .82. Conclusion: The instrument had relatively weak construct validity, item discrimination according to the IRT. Therefore, the cautious usage of a Korean version of this instrument would be recommended for discrimination because there are so many attractive response alternatives and low internal consistency.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.17-34
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• 2020

Recently, various attempts have been made to discover promising items and technologies. However, there are very few data-driven approaches to support business diversification by companies with specific technologies. Therefore, there is a need for a methodology that can detect items related to a specific technology and recommend highly marketable items among them as business diversification targets. In this paper, we devise Labeled Item Network for Business Diversification Consulting Support System. Our research is performed with three sub-studies. In Sub-study 1, we find the proper source documents to build the item network and construct item dictionary. In Sub-study 2, we derive the Labeled Item Network and devise four index for item evaluation. Finally, we introduce the application scenario of our methodology and describe the result of real-case analysis in Sub-study 3. The Labeled Item Network, one of the main outcome of this study, can identify the relationships between items as well as the meaning of the relationship. We expect that more specific business item diversification opportunities can be found with the Labeled Item Network. The proposed methodology can help many SMEs diversify their business on the basis of their technology.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.15 no.2 s.67
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• pp.339-351
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• 2007

Many off-line fashion brands currently has construct hompage in the form of digital contents at the website. The purpose of this study is to confirm that fashion item of avartar can be applicate to react for consumer desires by a process of construction for hompage digital contents of fashion brand, and develop various avartar fashion item to satisfy consumer's wants using the computer graphics. The results of this study are as followings. First, it should be the first to decide whether hompage contents can be used for any purposes. And it will offer initial brand concept, followed by the contents of event, blog, avatar, fashion information. Second, portal sites currently service avatar fashion item, but it just bounds the limit of indirect effect. Many fashion brands face a challenge to differenciate themselves, so avatar fashion item should be planned to coordinate the contents and brand concept. Also it is certainly possible that fashion brand communicates larger consumers with a avartar fashion item that appeal to a consumer's sensibility. Third, this study propose design development and application as 3 of the avartar fashion item using the computer graphics. Avatar Fashion item using the computer graphics was presented by application as promotion through event garment, item coordinate, cellular phone service.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.327-335
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• 2010

Item response theory provides a fixed results about students, regardless of the item difficulty and discrimina-tion and it is also a kind of item analysis methods which provides the same proper competence scores to students in spite of them taking different test repeatedly. In this paper, we researched item difficulty and item discrimina-tion and analyzed items in the national academic aptitude test which were given from 2000 to 2009 in the past 10 years through item response theory, especially, in connection with given items about statistical unit. As a result, we found that about 60 percents of the items were too difficult for high school students to solve, however, item discrimination proved to be great.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1985

This study has been to survey the present situation of satisfaction to the occupation and dental laboratory by means of selscting 200 dental technicians who are woked in Pusan, Deagu, Kwangju, Deajun. Questionaires were distributed to them and the summerized results were as follows; 1. In general, the dental technician's satisfaction of the occpation was revealed as moderate(Mn, 2.83), the dental technician's satisfaction of the laboratory was revealas moderate(Mn, 2.80). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of occpation was the outlook(Mn, 3.23), and the lowest degree item was the advancement and the rise to a high position(Mn, 2.22). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was dental material(Mn, 3.07), and the lowest degree item was the equipment of dust collection(Mn, 2.49) 2. By age, the highest degree item out of the satisfaction of occpation was 30 to 43 group(Mn, 3.28), 50 and over group was the lowest degree item(Mn, 2.89). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was 40 to 50 group(Mn, 3.10), the lowest degree item was 35 to 39 group(Mn, 2.88). 3. By school career, the satisfaction of occpation and dental laboratory were higher in the graduated college group than the graduated highschool group. 4. By personal health state, the highest degree item of the satisfaction of occpation was the health group(Mn, 3.25). The highest degree item of the satisfaction of laboratory was the unhealthy group(Mn, 3.07). 5. By religion, the satisfaction if iccupation of laboratory ws higher in the religious group than the non-religious group. 6. By job career, the highest degree item of occupation satisfaction was 15 to 20 years group(Mn, 3.27), the lowest degree item was 20 and over group(Mn, 3.02). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was 15 to 20 years group(Mn, 3.05), The lowest degree item was 7 to 10 years group (Mn, 2.90). 7. By job position, the highest degree item out of satisfaction of occupation was the chief of laboratory group(Mn, 3.33), the head of laboratory group was the lowest degree item(Mn, 3.07). The hightest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was the head of laboratory group(Mn, 3.10), the lowest degree item was the chief of laboratory group(Mn, 2.88). 8. By the place of employment, the degree of occpational satisfaction by items was found that the highest degree in the group engagel in general hospital(Mm, 3.43), the group engaged in dental clinic and hospital(Mn. 3.24), and the dental laboratory group(Mn. 3.14) in order. The difference among the group was significant emough(P<0.05). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was dental laboratory group(Mn. 2.70). The difference among the group was significant emough(P<0.01). 9. By monthly salary, the highest degree item out of the satisfaction of occupation was ￦500,000 to 600,000 group(Mn. 3.32), the lowest degree item was ￦600,000 and over group(Mn, 3.07). The highest degree item out of the laboratory satisfaction was ￦100,000 to 200,000 group(Mn, 3.03), the lowest degree group was ￦300,000 to 400,000 group(Mn, 2.95). 10. As compared with the degree of satisfaction according to job satisfaction, the highest degree item out of the occupational satisfaction was much satisfied group(Mn, 3.65), the lowest degree item was non-satisfied group(Mn, 2.68). The difference among the group was significant enough(P<0.05). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was non-satisfied group(Mn, 30.9), the lowest degree item was satisfied group(Mn, 2.84). The difference among the group was significant enough(P<0.01).

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2001.04b
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• pp.475-477
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• 2001

본 논문은 사용자의 구매 패턴을 찾아서 사용자가 원하는 상품을 추천하는 알고리즘을 제안하고자 한다. 제안하고 있는 item dependency map은 구매된 상품간의 관계를 수식화 하여 행렬의 형태로 표현한 것이다. Item dependency map의 값은 사용자가 A라는 상품을 구매한 후 B 상품을 살 확률이다. 이런 정보를 가지고 있는 item dependency map은 홉필드 네트웍(Hopfield network)에서 연상을 위한 패턴 값으로 적용된다. 홉필드 네트웍은 각 노드사이의 연결가중치에 기억하고자 하는 것들을 연상시킨 뒤 어떤 입력을 통해서 전체 네트워크가 어떤 평형상태에 도달하는 방식으로 작동되는 신경망 중의 하나이다. 홉필드 네트웍의 특징 중의 하나는 부분 정보로부터 전체 정보를 추출할 수 있는 것이다. 이러한 특징을 가지고 사용자들의 일반적인 구매패턴을 일부 정보만 가지고 예측할 수 있다. Item dependency map은 홉필드 네트웍에서 사용자들의 그룹별 패턴을 학습하는데 사용된다. 따라서 item dependency map이 얼마나 사용자 구매패턴에 대한 정보를 가지고 있는지에 따라 그 결과가 결정되는 것이다. 본 논문은 정확한 item dependency map을 계산해 내는 알고리즘을 주로 논의하겠다.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

Item-based collaborative filtering (IBCF) is an important technology that is widely used in recommender system of online shopping malls. It uses historical information to compute item-item similarity and make predictions. However, in offline shopping each customer's purchasing pattern can be occurred continuously and repeatedly due to time and space constraints contrast to online shopping. Those facts can make IBCF to have limitations from being applied to offline shopping malls directly. In order to improve the quality of recommendations made by IBCF in offline shopping mall, we propose an ensemble approach that considers both item-item similarity of IBCF and each customer's purchasing patterns which are modeled by item networks. Our experimental results show that this approach produces recommendation results superior to those of existing works such as pure IBCF or bestseller approaches.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.419-424
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• 2007

Recently, additional value of games has been started to increase by revitalization of the game market. Especially, Because of the creation of the new trend that is item trade especially in online game, Item trade is as a easy and essential way as item trade can be created. However, compared to other planning factors, occupied weight of item is not as much as expected in exploiting a game. For this reason, we emphasize the importance of game item by giving the opportunity that increases the additional value with raising satisfaction of game through item-based study, plus suggesting new classification.