• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제54권2호
• /
• pp.299-308
• /
• 2021

광산 활동에서 비롯된 Fe(II)은 광산 배수를 따라 지표의 산화 환경에 노출되어 다양한 Fe(III)-산화수산화물로 침전된다. 대표적인 Fe(III) 침전 광물 중 하나인 페리하이드라이트는 결정도가 매우 낮아 비표면적이 크기 때문에, 중금속 및 다른 오염물질을 흡착하기에 용이하다. 페리하이드라이트는 자연 환경에서 열역학적으로 좀더 안정적인 침철석으로 전이된다. 페리하이드라이트에서 침철석으로 전이되는 동안 일어나는 중금속의 거동을 예측하기 위해서 산성광산배수에서 일어나는 페리하이드라이트에서 침철석으로의 전이와 이와 연관된 중금속의 유동성에 대한 정보는 중요하다. 광물 전이와 중금속 거동을 분석하기 위해 흥진태맥 석탄광의 산성광산배수 정화 시설의 코어 시료에 대하여 X-선 회절 분석(XRD), 화학 분석, 통계 분석이 시행되었다. XRD 결과는 페리하이드라이트가 코어 시료 상단에서 하단으로 점차 침철석으로 전이되었음을 보여주었다. 화학 분석 결과 코어시료에서 As의 상대적 농도는 배수에 비하여 매우 높아 As가 철옥시수산화물에 강하게 흡착 되었거나 공침되었을 가능성이 큼을 지시한다. 상관 분석 결과 또한 As와 Fe의 높은 친화도를 보여주어, 철광물이 침전하는 동안 As가 광산 배수에서 쉽게 제거될 수 있음을 나타냈다. 코어 시료에서 깊이가 깊어질수록 Fe에 대한 As, Cd, Co, Ni, Zn의 농도비는 대체로 감소하여, 광물 전이 시 배수 내 이들의 농도를 증가시킬 수 있음을 나타냈다. 이와 반대로 Fe에 대한 Cr의 농도는 깊이가 증가할수록 증가하였는데 이 것은 chromate과 철광물과의 화학결합과 페리하이드라이트와 침철석의 표면 전하로 인한 것으로 생각된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.16-25
• /
• 2016

In severe loss of coolant accidents (LOCA), similar to those experienced at Fukushima Daiichi and Three Mile Island Unit 1, the zirconiumalloy fuel claddingmaterials are rapidlyheateddue to nuclear decay heating and rapid exothermic oxidation of zirconium with steam. This heating causes the cladding to rapidly react with steam, lose strength, burst or collapse, and generate large quantities of hydrogen gas. Although maintaining core cooling remains the highest priority in accident management, an accident tolerant fuel (ATF) design may extend coping and recovery time for operators to restore emergency power, and cooling, and achieve safe shutdown. An ATF is required to possess high resistance to steam oxidation to reduce hydrogen generation and sufficient mechanical strength to maintain fuel rod integrity and core coolability. The initiative undertaken by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is to demonstrate the feasibility of developing an ATF cladding with capability to maintain its integrity in $1,200-1,500^{\circ}C$ steam for at least 24 hours. This ATF cladding utilizes thin-walled Mo-alloys coated with oxidation-resistant surface layers. The basic design consists of a thin-walled Mo alloy structural tube with a metallurgically bonded, oxidation-resistant outer layer. Two options are being investigated: a commercially available iron, chromium, and aluminum alloy with excellent high temperature oxidation resistance, and a Zr alloy with demonstratedcorrosionresistance.Asthese composite claddings will incorporate either no Zr, or thin Zr outer layers, hydrogen generation under severe LOCA conditions will be greatly reduced. Key technical challenges and uncertainties specific to Moalloy fuel cladding include: economic core design, industrial scale fabricability, radiation embrittlement, and corrosion and oxidation resistance during normal operation, transients, and severe accidents. Progress in each aspect has been made and key results are discussed in this document. In addition to assisting plants in meeting Light Water Reactor (LWR) challenges, accident-tolerant Mo-based cladding technologies are expected to be applicable for use in high-temperature helium and molten salt reactor designs, as well as nonnuclear high temperature applications.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.514-522
• /
• 2014

A new type of high precision electromagnetic suspension (EMS) which can support heavy tray along long stroke rail is proposed in this paper. Compared with the conventional EMS, the suggested moving-core typed EMS has the levitation electromagnets (EMs) on the fixed rail. This scheme has high load capability caused by iron-core and enables simple tray structure. Also it does not have precision degradation caused by heat generation from EMs, which is a drawback of conventional EMS. With these merits, the proposed EMS can be an optimal contactless linear bearing in next generation flat panel display (FPD) manufacturing process if the ability of long stroke movement is proved. So a special Section Switching Algorithm (SSA) is derived from the resultant force and moment equations of the levitated tray which enables long stroke movement of the tray. In order to verify the feasibility of the suggested SSA, a simple test-setup of the EMS with 2 Section-changes is made up and servo-controlled in the simulation and experiment. The simulation shows the perfect changeover the EMs, and the experiment shows overall control performance of under ${\pm}40{\mu}m$ gap deviations. These results reveal that the newly suggested contactless linear bearing can simultaneously achieve high load capability and precision gap control as well as long stroke.

• KIEE International Transaction on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems
• /
• 제5B권3호
• /
• pp.224-228
• /
• 2005

In this paper, we investigate the main components of stray load loss of induction motors for ammonia compressors. The variations of the losses at each part of the motor due to load are calculated by the combined 3-D-2D finite element method formulated by the mixed moving coordinate systems. The stray load loss is calculated from these results due the definition of IEEE standard-112. It is clarified that the core loss and the eddy current loss of the can increase due to load, which can be considered as the main part of the stray load loss.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 2002년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
• /
• pp.619-621
• /
• 2002

In this paper, AC reactor for PWM converter using the metal powder is introduced. Metal powder AC reactor was developed to substitute conventional iron core typed AC reactor in the PWM converter application. The characteristics of the metal powder AC reactor are analyzed and tested. A new reactor has reduced switching noise and loss.

• 전기학회논문지
• /
• 제62권11호
• /
• pp.1604-1609
• /
• 2013

When the ground fault on the power side occurs on distribution system interconnected with distributed generations, the abnormal current is generated in the neutral conductor by the connection type and the iron core structure of transformers for the interconnection of distributed power supplies due to the unbalanced voltage of the system, and subsequently the false operation of the protective relay on the load side occurs. Herein, this paper proposes the method to correct errors in the phase current to prevent the false operation of the protective relay by applying p-q theory and presents the simulation result of the error correction algorithm using PSCAD/EMTDC.

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.99-106
• /
• 2005

In this study, the electromagnetic characteristics of a flat-type two-dimensional proportional solenoid were analyzed by the magnetic reluctance method. The equivalent magnetic circuit equation for the solenoid was derived by modeling the reluctance of air gaps and magnetic structural components such as pole core, armature and yoke. It was solved iteratively because of the nonlinear magnetization properties of the iron parts. The solutions showed good agreement with experimental data. Based on the equivalent magnetic circuit equation, the influence of design parameters on the force-to-armature displacement curves was mathematically derived and experimentally verified. In this way, dominant design parameters could be analytically determined.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 전기기기 및 에너지변환시스템부문
• /
• pp.140-142
• /
• 2008

Thrust ripples in Permanent Magnet Linear Motor(PMLSM) are mainly generated by cogging force. Cogging force caused by the interaction between the iron core and the Permanent Magnet(PM), and end effect. This paper has proposed a control method for thrust ripples suppression and design of one-chip proceeding digital controller using TMS320LF2407. This control method is realized by Field Oriented Control(FOC) adding to current compensation. The effectiveness of proposed control method is verified by experimentation comparing between the compensation and non-compensation.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 1996년도 하계학술대회 논문집 A
• /
• pp.160-162
• /
• 1996

The estimation of AC losses is demanded for higher efficiency and stability in AC use of superconducting coils. Hysteresis loss occurred by a.c. transport current is called of self field loss, and it is major part of losses generated in a.c. superconducting wire in case of located in low external magnetic field as superconducting transformer with iron core, or in short twist pitch wire, multiply stacking cable. In this paper, we calculate self field loss of superconducting wire.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.215-215
• /
• 2009

Improved flux-lock type superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL) is composed of a series transformer and superconducting unit of the YBCO coated conductor. The primary and secondary coils in the transformer were wound in series each other through an iron core and the YBCO coated conductor was connected with secondary coil in parallel. In this paper, we investigated the current limiting characteristics through initial line current after fault initiation. through the analysis, it was shown that the smaller initial line current is superior to current limiting characteristics and a point of view of power burden of the YBCO coated conductor.