• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.507-516
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• 1999

More than twenty-five major international bodies of water bear the names of particular nations or states. Many of these are not names are widely accepted, but considerable disagreement has developed in some cases. A systematic examination of the level of conflict over the use of national names for international bodies of water indicates that conflict is most likely to develop where shifting power relations among interested states produce concern about the hegemonic ambitions of the state after which the body of water is named. This is the case in the three situations where considerable contention exists over the use of a national name for an international body of water: the Persian Gulf/Arabian Sea, the Sea of Japan/East Sea, and the South China SealBien Dong. Cases evidencing little contention are those where either no state has a significant interest in the naming issue, or where the name that is attached to the body of water is that of a state that has not been a historic threat to others in the region. Naming international bodies of water after nations or states is potentially problematic because such appellations can connote ownership or control by a single people or political entity. An understanding of the controversies surrounding these place names requires consideration of the geopolitical context in which they are embedded.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 2019

Background: Cliffs are a major plant habitat around the coastal area, but in contrast to sand dunes and salt marshes, they have been little investigated in Korea. There are simple descriptions of cliff vegetation in studies on island vegetation, but there is no published paper, which addressed sea cliff vegetation synthetically. Furthermore, the coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve. Even though, this area is exposed to intense recreational use such as trekking in these days. This study aims to clarify spatial distribution and structure of vegetation along the environmental gradient on coastal cliff and plateau in the Janggi peninsula (Homigot) located on southeastern Korea. Further, this study has also another objective to prepare a restoration plan to protect this conservation reserve from intense human disturbance. Results: Landscape elements were arranged in the order of sea cliff risen directly on the sea, seashore, coastal cliff, and plateau covered with relatively deep soil in a coastal area of the Janggi peninsula (Homigot), southeastern Korea. Vegetation was sampled at 59 plots arranged from the sea cliff through the seashore and coastal cliff to plateau. The sea cliff, seashore, and coastal cliff, which compose the coastal landscape, were dominated by the seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community, dwarf sand sedge (Carex pumila Thunb.) community, and seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community. On the plateau corresponding to the ridge of the coastal cliff, black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) community, golden rain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann) community, east Asian hackberry (Celtis sinensis Pers.) community, sawleaf zelkova (Zelkova serrata Makino) community, and Korean oak (Quercus dentata Thunb.) community were established in the mentioned order along distance from the sea. Stand ordination showed a vegetation sequence from the seashore through the cliff to the plateau, consistent in its overall pattern among sites. This was dominated by topography. There is evidence for the importance also of salinity, drought and of soil depth. Conclusion: The lack of scientific interest in cliffs to date is in striking contrast to the commonness of cliffs around the whole national territory and to the attraction cliffs have had for humans throughout history. Cliffs provide a unique habitat, rarely investigated from an ecological viewpoint. Cliffs may represent an invaluable type of ecosystem, consisting of some of the least disturbed habitats on earth and contributing more to the biodiversity of a region than their surface coverage would indicate. Although this coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve, this area is in danger of severe disturbance due to excessive recreational use. We recommended a restoration plan to protect this area from such a disturbance.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.263-273
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• 2007

Statement of problem: Alteration of tooth function is assumed to be changed by stress/strain on the adjacent alveolar bone, producing changes in morphology similar to those described for other load-bearing bones. When teeth are removed, opposing teeth will not be functioned. When edentulous area is restored by implant prostheses, opposing teeth will be received physiologic mechanical stimuli. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone changes around the teeth opposing implant restoration installed mandibular posterior area. Material and method: Eight patients who had mandibular posterior edentulous area were treated with implants. Radiographs of the opposing teeth were taken at implant prostheses delivery(baseline), 3 months, and 6 months later. Customized film holding device was fabricated to standardize the projection geometry for serial radiographs of opposing teeth. Direct digital image was obtained. Gray values of region of interest at each digital image were measured and compared according to time lapse. Repeated measured analysis of variance and post-hoc Scheffe's test were performed at the 95% significance level. Results: Alveolar bone changes around the natural teeth opposing the posterior implant in mandible showed statistically significant difference compared to control group(P<0.05). And gray values of alveolar bone around the teeth opposing implants were increased. There were no statistically significant differences of alveolar bone changes between crestal group and middle group and between mesial group and distal group according to time lapse(P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences of alveolar bone changes among mesial-crestal group, mesial-middle group, distal-crestal group, distal-middle group, and control group(P>0.05). Conclusion: Alveolar bone around the natural teeth opposing the implant prosthesis showed gradual bony apposition.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.240-243
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Several yeast species have potential applications in biotechnology and the identification of such yeast species is of great interest. The first step in the identification of yeasts is the establishment of an effective isolation method. Thus, we compared the efficacy of different yeast media in the isolation of yeast associated with Aloe vera and Aloe saponaria. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, we spread homogenized A. vera and A. saponaria leaves onto 4 different yeast selective media containing chloramphenicol, streptomycin, Triton X-100 and L-sorbose. We observed high selectivity for yeast and many colonies on media. We isolated 67 yeast strains from A. vera and 42 yeast strains from A. saponaria. We used phylogenetic analysis to identify the yeast isolates based on ITS region sequencing and performed sequence analysis on representative isolates from each agar plate. Further, we compared the sequences obtained with reference sequences. The yeast species isolated from A. vera were as follows: 56 isolates of Meyerozyma, 9 isolates of Cryptococcus, and 1 isolate each of Rhodotorula and Sporobolomyces. Those isolated from A. saponaria were as follows: 41 isolates of Rhodosporidium and 1 isolate of Sporobolomyces. CONCLUSION(S): All the isolates obtained using large agar plate containing chloramphenicol, streptomycin, Triton X-100 and L-sorbose were identified as yeast. Therefore, we concluded that this method is useful for selective screening of yeast species.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.467-476
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• 2013

With increasing interest in environmental issues and the quality of surface water becoming inadequate for water supply, the Korean government has launched a groundwater development policy to satisfy the demand for clean water. To drive this policy effectively, it is essential to guarantee the accuracy of sustainable groundwater yield and groundwater use amount. In this study, groundwater use was monitored over several years at various locations in Korea (32 cities/counties in 5 provinces) to obtain accurate groundwater use data. Statistical analysis of the results was performed as a method for estimating rational groundwater use. For the case of groundwater use for living purposes, we classified the cities/counties into three regional types (urban, rural, and urban-rural complex) and divided the groundwater facilities into five types (domestic use, apartment housing, small-scale water supply, schools, and businesses) according to use. For the case of agricultural use, we defined three regional types based on rainfall intensity (average rainfall, below-average rainfall, and above-average rainfall) and the facilities into six types (rice farming, dry-field farming, floriculture, livestock-cows, livestock-pigs, and livestock-chickens). Finally, we developed groundwater-use estimation equations for each region and use type, using cluster analysis and regression model analysis of the monitoring data. The results will enhance the reliability of national groundwater statistics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.645-650
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• 2018

This research aims at measuring images density of according to DAP(dose area product), and suggesting the need to quality control of exposure dose. When tube voltage was fixed as 80 kVp and tube current was set as 1, 25, 50, 80, and 100 mAs, with the increase of DAP from 25 mAs to 50 mAs, the dose also rose 1.88 times as much as before, and with the increase from 50 mAs to 100 mAs, it got 2.05 time higher than before. However, the images density obtained as film grew as much as 48% with the increase from 25 mAs to 50 mAs, and 29% with the increase from 50 mAs to 100 mAs. In addition, it has been found out that the higher the DR images density got from 25 mAs to 50 mAs, the bigger it became by 12%, and that it got bigger by 30% with the increase from 50 mAs to 100 mAs. In other words, the differences in the image density by the increase of the dose with the digital imaging equipment in a proper condition was proved to be less than in the film images. Based on the results of this research, medical institutions using a digital imaging equipment are expected to be able to reduce exposure dose of each region of interest than now through the quality control of radiation dose.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.195-213
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• 2015

Recently, there has been changing the housing rental market paradigm structure which has been increased the ratios of partly monthly rental ratios, because of increasing chonsei's price, the preference of monthly rental and the rack of chonsei's supply amount. This study had done a survey of 1,400 people for private and public rental residents by region and housing types during Dec. 2014. According to the result of survey, Market participant prospect strongly to change chonsei to monthly rental market structure and the reason of rising of chonsei's price is the preference of householder's monthly rental because of decreasing interest rate and the rack of chonsei's supply amount. The housing policy's proposal of the stability of low income class's housing and jense's price strongly recommended the expansion of public rental housing supply and the activation of private rental housing, the expansion of chonsei loan, housing boucher etx. The rental market policy for high income class have desired to market autonomy than public side's intervention, on the other hands, the rental market policy for low income class have strongly need to the public side's intervention such as the contiuneous long-term rental housing supply.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.151-165
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• 2011

Patent information as the innovative index for activity of industry, science and technology reflects the inventive outcome of the nation, region, technology, or company etc.. and is able to be used as a tool evaluating the R&D product and technology diffusion. In this study, the index for analysing the productivity, innovation, and activity of the technology is provided to evaluate the technology in fields of the pharmaceutic, transport, biotechnology, textile, construction, machine parts, information media, and electric/telecommunication, which are becoming the national core technology. As a result of analysis, the technology activity in fields of the construction, pharmaceutic, and biotechnology shows a growing trend which reflect the interest in the quality and the extension of the life, but vice versa in fields of the textile, and information media. The innovation index in fields of the construction, pharmaceutic, and biotechnology index more than average, but vice versa in fields of the information media and electric/telecommunication. In case of technology productivity, more than 2 patentees are included in one patented technology. It has been determined that the technology productivity is decreased because of an increasing number of researcher participating the technology development, which is the recent trend of technology advancement.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.399-408
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• 2005

In the progression of the Temporomandibular Joint Disorder(TMD), not only deformation and perforation of disc occur. But also fibrotic adhesion and inflammatory changes to the retrodiscal tissue can be seen in addition to the condylar degenerative change (e.g. osteoarthritis). However, the correct diagnosis,?planning for appropriate treatment, and prediction of prognosis are limited, because there are no means to stage the progression of the disorder. In this study relative signal intensity of retrodiscal tissue in MRI and the synovial fluid concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and Interleukin-6(IL-6) in the 23 temporomandibular joints(TMJ), from 17 patients with TMD were evaluated as a possible diagnostic marker. The relative signal intensity of retrodiscal tissue was referenced to brain gray matter with same region of interest(ROI) size. The concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9, and IL-6 were evaluated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The collected data were compared with condylar degenerative change, joint effusion and disc position observed in MRI. The relative signal intensity of the retrodiscal tissue was increased significantly when degenerative changes were present. In addition, there was significantly high signal intensity in the presence of a disc displaced without reduction. The concentration of IL-6 was significantly increased when condylar degenerative change was no observed. And there were no changes in the levels of IL-6 according to disc position and joint effusion measurement. Moreover, there were no significant relevance between the concentration of total MMP-2 and active MMP-9 in synovial fluid, relative to degenerative changes in the mandibular condyle, to joint effusion, and to disc position observed on MRI images. In conclusion, the relative signal intensity of the retrodiscal tissue can be regarded as a mean of diagnosing the procession of TMD in a non-invasive manner. But more additional studies are required for the levels of MMP-2. MMP-9, and IL-6 to determine their potentials as a diagnostic marker for TMD.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.10A no.6
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• pp.665-670
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• 2003

In the applications like automatic masks generation for semiconductor production, a drawing consists of lots of polygons that are partitioned into trapezoids. The addition/deletion of a polygon to/from the drawing is performed through geometric operations such as insertion, deletion, and search of trapezoids. Depending on partitioning algorithm being used, a polygon can be partitioned differently in terms of shape, size, and so on. So, It's necessary to invent some comparison algorithm of sets of trapezoids in which each set represents interested parts of a drawing. This comparison algorithm, for example, may be used to verify a software program handling geometric objects consisted of trapezoids. In this paper, given k sets of trapezoids in which each set forms the regions of interest of each drawing, we present how to compare the k sets to see if all k sets represent the same geometric scene. When each input set has the same number n of trapezoids, the algorithm proposed has O(2$^{k-2}$ $n^2$(log n＋k)) time complexity. It is also shown that the algorithm suggested has the same time complexity O( $n^2$ log n) as the sweeping-based algorithm when the number k(<< n) of input sets is small. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can be kn times faster than the sweeping-based algorithm when all the trapezoids in the k input sets are almost the same.