• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.212-217
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• 2007

This study compared obese children's food group intakes with the new Dietary References Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) food guides for 5th-6th grade school children. This study also determined the extent of sedentary life styles related with obesity in this area of children. This is it cross-sectional study of 799 school children. The dietitian sent a survey form describing the project and a questionnaire to the subject's family. The questionnaire included child demographics, family history of chronic diseases, the daily servings of five food groups, such as grains, meat and beans, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables. The daily or weekly hours of physical activity, television viewing, and computer usage were also surveyed. Obesity index (%) of the subjects was calculated, and children with an obesity index (%) equal to or greater than 20 were classified as the obese. Among the 799 participants, 50.7% were female. The percentages of the normal and the obese were 691 (86.5%) and 108 (13.5%) respectively. Obese children reported eating less vegetables (p<0.05), more high sugar snacks (p<0.05), and high fat snacks (p<0.05) than normal children. No significant differences in food servings of grains, meats and beans, and fruits, and dairy products between the normal and the obese were shown. Obese children reported fewer hours of physical activities (p<0.05) and more hours of computer usage (p<0.05) than normal children. Girls showed less likelihood of being obese (odds ratio, 0.575, CI (0.38, 0.87), p<0.05). More hours of physical activity significantly decreased the likelihood of being obese (odds ratio, 0.572, CI (0.35, 0.92), p<0.05). Family history of obesity almost doubled the likelihood of obesity in children (odds ratio, 2.653, CI (1.660, 4.241), p<0.05). In conclusion, frequent snacking, inadequate vegetable consumption, and sedentary lifestyle increased significantly the likelihood of obesity in children, which suggest that obesity intervention in this age group should focuse more on those variables.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.52-62
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate dietary macronutrient and $VO_{2}$ by BMI The subjects consisted of 50 female college students. They were divided into three groups: Below BMI 18.5 kg/$m^{2}$ (n = 9), BMI 18.5 - 23 kg/$m^{2}$ (n = 28), above BMI 23 g/$m^{2}$ (n = 13). Health-related questionnaires, dietary macronutrients, macronutrient compositions, food frequency questionnaires, body compositions and $VO_{2}$ were studied. Macronutrient compositions that macronutrient intakes were expressed by the percentage of daily energy intakes. There were significant differences in body fat, percent of body fat, and fat distribution by BMI Also, significantly increasing of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was shown by BMI, but BMR per body weight was decreased by BMI Overall, there were no significant differences in health-related questionnaires, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), dietary macronutrients and $VO_{2}$ by BMI but salty taste preferences and carbohydrate intakes, FFQ of beans, white vegetables rand, yellow-green vegetables in the above BMI 23 g/$m^{2}$ group were significantly higher than other groups. There were no significant differences in macronutrient composition but the lipid composition of subjects was shown above $20\%$. Also, energy intakes of subjects were shown to be low; especially the below BMI 18.5 kg/$m^{2}$ group was very low ($55\%$ of RDA). Significantly positive correlation was found in BMR and body composition such as skeletal muscle & lean body mass, but significant correlation was not found in BMR and dietary macronutrients. Overall, researched energy metabolism factor was not different by BMI Only in the BMI 18.5 23 kg/$m^{2}$ (normal) group, significantly positive correlation was found in $VO_{2}$peak and body fat oxidation. Therefore, proper nutritional education for female college students is needed in order to improve their obesity-related health. Moreover, a nutritional survey method of finding diverse factors that affect their health should be developed to meet various needs.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.819-829
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of general characteristics, menopause status, dietary patterns and nutrient intakes between women aged from 30 to 65 years old with a hypercholesterolemia group and normocholesterolemia group. The subjects were classified as belonging to the hypercholesterolemia group or normocholesterolemia group barred on The Guidelines for Korean Hyperlipidemia. Dietary intakes of fatty acids were measured by means of a 24-hr recall method with food models and measuring tools. We analyzed both data sets together using analysis of variance chi-square test and student's t-test(SPSS for WINDOWS, version 7.5). Significance was defied as a p value < 0.05. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Mean age and BMI of the hypercholesteroemia group were significantly higher than those of the normocholesterolemia group. Intakes of cereal, vegetables, mushrooms and sea food in the normocholesterolemia group were significantly higher than those in the hypercholesterolemia group. Most of the nutrient intakes were not significantly different between the normocholesterolemia group and the hypercholesterolemia group. However, vitamin E intake of the normocholesterolemia group was significantly higher than that of the hypercholesterolemia group. There was a significant negative correlation between vitamin E intake and serum TC(r = -.363, p < 0.001) and LDL-C(r = -.359, p < 0.001). In addition, Serum TG had significantly correlation with carbohydrate(r = 0.137, p < 0.001) and vitamin E intake(r = -0.134, p < 0.001). Therefore, women who suffered from hypercholesterolemia were recommended to control body weight, and to consume foods containing high vitamin E and foods containing high dietary fiber such as vegetables, mushrooms, and sea food.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.289-305
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• 2020

Picky eating behavior is a significant factor in causing unhealthy eating and disturbing the growth of children. This study examined picky eating behaviors and food intake of 112 preschoolers aged 3~5 year, picky eaters (n=41) and non-picky eaters (n=71), living in Dobong-gu, Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. Picky eating questionnaires and three consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were collected from their caregivers. The difference between the two groups was verified using a Chi-square test or t-test and Pearson's correlation. Compared to the non-picky eaters, fussiness, satiety responsiveness, and refusal of food variety were significantly higher in picky eaters (P<0.001). Compared to the non-picky eaters, an assessnent of the preschooler's behavior and the caregivers' perception were positively correlated in picky eaters (r=0.749, P<0.001). The intakes of shellfish (P<0.05), vegetables (P<0.001), fiber, vitamin E (P<0.01), vitamin A, and folate (P<0.05) were significantly lower in picky eaters than the non-picky eaters. The major food sources of vitamin A and folate were vegetables, of which grains were the source of fiber, fats and oils were the source of Vitamin E, and root vegetables were source of vegetables in both picky and non-picky eaters. In conclusion, picky eating behaviors are related to different fussiness and slowness in eating. Therefore, it is suggested to increase the amount of meal and vegetable intake in picky eaters.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2012

In order to monitor the levels of pesticides in environment-friendly stalk and stem vegetables and leafy vegetables selling at markets in Korea. A total of 637 (395 organic agricultural products, 242 pesticide-free agricultural products) samples of 21 stalk and stem vegetables and leafy vegetables were collected twice from markets in July and August 2010 in Korea. Pesticide residues in samples were analyzed by multiresidue method for 240 pesticides using GC-ECD/NPD and HPLC-DAD/FLD. The suspected-pesticides were confirmed with a GC-MSD. As a result of analysis, six pesticides were detected from eight samples, representing a detection rate of 1.3% and amounts of pesticide residues in samples were as follows: alachlor 0.043, chlorfenapyr 0.022-0.324, diazinon 0.024, dicofol 0.009-0.138, dithiopyr 0.008, metolachlor 0.025 mg/kg. Their residue levels were below the MRLs. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of the pesticides detected from stalk and stem vegetables and leafy vegetables were less than 25% of their acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), representing that residue levels of the pesticides detected were evaluated as safe for consumption. However, five samples containing pesticide residues were unsuitable environment-friendly products because of pesticides detected more than their 10% MRLs in organic and pesticide-free agricultural products.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.713-724
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• 2013

This study examines the effects of smoking on the health and nutrient intake of male adults. The subjects recruited are divided into two groups according to non-smokers (n=64), and smokers (n=50). The results show that the non-smokers are significantly more interested in health and maintain more frequency of weekly exercise as compared to the smokers. Smokers reported that the main reason for failures in quitting attempts was a lack of willingness (62.0%). 44.0% of smoker would be interested in attending a smoking cessation program if they had the opportunities to do so. The non-smoker is considered healthy, and ate a regular diet, and low in fat-rich foods compared to the smokers. The non-smokers and smokers consume lower intakes of vitamin $B_2$, folic acid, and calcium (Ca). On the other hand, intakes of phosphorus, and sodium are the highest among all groups. In the case of smokers, increased intakes of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables should be encouraged, and the nutrition education for low-salt-type foods is also recommended.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.812-820
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• 1999

The aim of this investigation was to assess the difference of health behaviors, dietary patterns and nutrient intakes between smokers and nonsmoker from 435 free living elderly in Kyunggi province. The study subjects were interviewed to collect general characteristics and health behaviors such as smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption, and food habits by questionnaires and nutrient intakes by a 24-hour recall, and weight, height, waist, hip, and blood pressure were measured. The percentages of smoker were 52.3% in males and 12.1% in females. Current smokers were fond of alcohol, salty or hot food, tended to have meals irregularly and insufficient sleep, and were inactive lifestyle compared to nonsmokers. Smokers consumed fewer servings of vegetables, fruits, and beans and their products. Women who smoked consumed less energy, carbohydrates, and vitamin E than nonsmokers, and their nutrient adequacy ratio of protein, iron, phosphate, niacin, vitamin B1, and vitamin C were significantly lower than nonsmokers. There were no differences of nutrient intakes and nutrient adequacy ratio between smokers and nonsmokers in male subjects. In conclusion, elderly smokers tended to have less healthy life style, food habit, and dietary nutrient intakes which may influence the deleterious effects of smoke components on cancer and coronary heart disease risk, thus health education program should include nutrition education as well as smoking cessation.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2018

Children's exposure to various vegetables has been associated with higher preferences and intake of vegetables. Attractive names have been reported to increase children's vegetable intake in school lunches. This study hypothesized that the number of vegetables identified correctly may be used as a measure of exposure to vegetables. The survey was administered to students (n=368) at an elementary school located in Gyeonggi-do to determine the association of number of vegetables identified correctly with factors regarding vegetable intakes and effects of descriptive menu names on consumption intentions in school lunches. Students were asked to identify the correct names for nine vegetables and rate their desire to eat six vegetable dishes labeled with general names and two different descriptive names. Descriptive menu names did not consistently increase subjects' desire to eat vegetables compared to general menu labels. Children who ate two vegetable dishes and more per meal tended to identify the names of more vegetables than those who ate less, without reaching statistical significance (P=0.057). Moreover, 5th graders who answered that they ate more than two vegetable dishes each meal had significantly higher scores in identifying vegetable names than those who did rarely (P<0.05). There was no significant association between the number of correctly identified vegetable names and children's vegetable preferences and frequency of being served vegetable dishes. Mother's vegetable preference showed a significant positive association with vegetable preferences of children (r=0.147, P<0.01) and fathers (r=0.340, P<0.01) as well as the number of correctly identified vegetables by children (r=0.183, P<0.01). The results of this study cannot support the advantage of descriptive menu labels over general menu labels. However, it suggests that the number of correctly identified vegetable names could serve as a measure of children's exposure to vegetables associated with factors regarding vegetable intake.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate beverage consumptions in relation to food intakes of Korean young people. One hundred thirty five college students(61 males and 74 females) living in Taegu, Kyung-buk and Taejon answered to questionnaires and recorded three day food intakes between May 20 and June 5, 1997. The preferred beverages were fruit juice, carbonated drink, dairy drink, sport beverage for male students, and fruit juice, dairy drink, sport beverage and carbonated drink for female students. Beverage taken most frequently was coffee for both. Frequent consumption of orange juice was associated with consumption of vegetables, meats, and fats and oils used for frying, and light cola seemed to be consumed with greasy dishes. Beverage consumption contributed to intakes of calcium and vitamin $B_2$more than other nutrients. 4.6% of total energy intake, 15.5% of calcium intake, 11.4% of vitamin $B_2$ provided from beverages in female. Contributions of beverages to nutrient intakes were higher in female than in male students. Calcium intake was the lowest among nutrients for males, and intakes of iron and vitamin A were the lowest for females as compared to the recommended dietary allowances. Therefore it is necessary to guide college students to choose beverages for balanced intakes of necessary nutrients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.534-546
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• 1991

Three-day dietary records data from 237 college students(male 65, female 172) were used as the basis to estimate total dietary fiber(DF) intake of Korean adults & to investigate the major food sources of fiber. Mean daily DF intake of the subjects was 15.2$\pm$3.7g range being 7.5-34g When related to energy intake women consume more DF(7.7$\pm$1.5/1000kcal) than men(6.8$\pm$1.7g/1000kcal) Mean daily crude fiber(CF) intake of the subjects was 6.2$\pm$2.4g The mean DF:CF ratio for the subjects was 2.5$\pm$0.5 indicating that DF intake is 2-3 times of CF intakes The intakes of the two measures of fiber were highly correlated(r=0.791) The major food sources for DF in Korean are vegetables cereals and fruits and 14.3% respectively In comparision with limited international data on the DF intake by adults DF intake by the subjects was similar to those of developed countries. Present study indicates that DF intakes of the subjects are considerably lower than recommended level and they need to consume more DF than the present level.