• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 1998

Two kinds of carrageenan were extracted from red seaweeds, Tichocarpus crinitus, collected in The Peter the Great Bay of Russia on August, 1996. One is KC1-insoluble carrageenan and another is KC1-soluble carrageenan. The yield of KC1-insoluble carrageenan was 17.15%, which is composed of 18.06% total sulfate, 5.61% protein, 3.51% K+, 0.49% Na+, 1.66% Ca2+, 54.26% galactose, 4.68% xylose, trace of mannose and glucose. The yield of KC1-soluble carrageenan was 3.52%, which is composed of 24.06% total sulfate, 5.2% protein, 5.32% K+, 0.16% Na+, 2.80% Ca2+, 33.54% galactose, 5.48% xylose, 4.32% mannose, trace of glucose. But rhamnose was not detected in both case. FT-IR spectrum showed that the KC1-insoluble carrageenan was kappa-type carrageenan and that KC1-soluble carrageenan was lambda, iota hybrid-type carrageenan. KC1-insoluble carrageenan was very weakly formation the gel compared with KC1-insoluble carrageenan from other red seaweeds. So we investigated viscosity. Both type carrageenan was stable in the temperature until 9$0^{\circ}C$, 1 hr. The viscosity of the solution of KC1-insoluble carrageenan was increased to about two folds by K+, but was not changed by Ca2+. The viscosity of the solution of KC1-soluble carrageenan was reduced by K+ and Ca2+. Both of them was stabilized in alkali but was reduced in comparison with acid conditions. In this study, both carrageenan was expected as thickening agent than gelling agent for food additives.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2003

To develop environment-friendly biofertilizer solubilizing insoluble phosphates, a bacterium possessing a high ability to solubilize $Ca_{3}(PO_{4})_{2}$) was isolated from the rhizosphere of peas. On the basis of its morphological, cultural, physiological characteristics, and Vitek analysis, this bacterium was identified as Pantoea agglomerans. The optimal medium composition and cultural conditions for the solubilization of insoluble phosphate by P. agglomerans R-38 were 3% of glucose.0.1% of TEX>$NH_{4}NO_{3}$, 0.02% of $MgSO_{4}\cdot\7H_{2}O$, and 0.06% of $CaCl_{2}\cdot\2H_{2}O$ along with initial pH 7.5 at $30^{\circ}C$. The highest soluble phosphate production under optimum condition was 898 mg/L after 5 days of cultivation. The solubilization of insoluble phosphate was associated with a drop in the pH of the culture medium. The strain produced soluble phosphate to the culture broth with the concentrations of 698 mg/L against CaHPO$_4$, 912 mg/L against hydroxyapatite, 28 mg/L against $FePO_{4}\cdot\4H_{2}O$, and 19 mg/L against $AIPO_{4}$, respectively.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.545-549
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• 2009

The functional properties of cheese, such as texture and melt, are known to be controlled by several important parameters. Recently, the characteristics of Ca in cheeses, especially the form of Ca (insoluble (INSOL) or soluble) and the shift in Ca equilibrium (i.e., from INSOL to soluble Ca), during aging has received a lot of attention. The INSOL form of Ca, which is present as a structural form in casein, plays a critical role in determining the functional properties of cheese during the early period of ripening (~1 mon). It seems that there is always a reduction of INSOL Ca content in cheese during ripening and there are also factors that can affect the shift in Ca equilibrium. These factors may include the composition of cheese milk, cheese manufacturing pH, acid development during aging, adopting curd-washing in various methods, pre-acidification of milk, etc. There have been many studies showing that the rheological and melting properties of cheese during ripening were significantly (p<0.05) affected by the shift in Ca equilibrium. Therefore, for cheese makers, it is now possible to predict/manage the functional properties of cheese by monitoring and controlling Ca equilibrium in cheese during aging.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.311-328
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• 1992

In other to classify calcicoles and calcifuges and calcifuges within plant communities occurring on limestone and granite soils in chungbuk province, korea, soil propertile, constancy for species by prsence or absence, and ratios of soluble to insoluble $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ were investigated. In the limestone soils ph values and $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ content, ranging 7.26 ~7.48, 5.32~7.37 mg $Ca^{2+}/g$ and 0.42~0.62 mg $Mg^{2+}/g$, respectively, were higher than those in the granite soil with ph 5.76, 1.03mg $Ca^{2+}/g$ and 0.24mg $Mg^{2+}/g$. species with high constancy in the 5 communities were classified into three groups; species group a(29~36% of total number of species) was composed of species occuring on the granite soil; group c(16~24%) is commonly distributed throughout both soils. Ratios of soluble to insoluble $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ranged from 0.1 to 81.3 in the group a, 0.2 to 0.8 in the group b and 0.2 to 8.7 in the group c. species within each group can be divided into two groups based on the values of the ratio, below or above 1.0. consequently, each of the group a and c was classified again into two groups; the group a1 and c1 with the ratio of above 1.0 and the group a2 and c2 withbelow 1.0 but the ratio could not further subdivide the group b. from these results it was proposed that plants of the group a1 were termed as obligate calcicoles, the group b as obligate calcifuges, the group c1 as facultative calcicoles, the group c2 as facultative calcifuges and the group a2 as avoiding calcifuges.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1413-1420
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• 2014

Phytate is an antinutritional factor that impacts the bioavailability of essential minerals such as $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Fe^{2+}$ by forming insoluble mineral-phytate salts. These insoluble mineral-phytate salts are hydrolyzed rarely by monogastric animals, because they lack the hydrolyzing phytases and thus excrete the majority of them. The ${\beta}$-propeller phytases (BPPs) hydrolyze these insoluble mineral-phytate salts efficiently. In this study, we cloned a novel BPP gene from a marine Pseudomonas sp. This Pseudomonas BPP gene (PsBPP) had low sequence identity with other known phytases and contained an extra internal repeat domain (residues 24-279) and a typical BPP domain (residues 280-634) at the C-terminus. Structure-based sequence alignment suggested that the N-terminal repeat domain did not possess the active-site residues, whereas the C-terminal BPP domain contained multiple calcium-binding sites, which provide a favorable electrostatic environment for substrate binding and catalytic activity. Thus, we overexpressed the BPP domain from Pseudomonas sp. to potentially hydrolyze insoluble mineral-phytate salts. Purified recombinant PsBPP required $Ca^{2+}$ or $Fe^{2+}$ for phytase activity, indicating that PsBPP hydrolyzes insoluble $Fe^{2+}$-phytate or $Ca^{2+}$-phytate salts. The optimal temperature and pH for the hydrolysis of $Ca^{2+}$-phytate by PsBPP were $50^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively. Biochemical and kinetic studies clearly showed that PsBPP efficiently hydrolyzed $Ca^{2+}$-phytate salts and yielded myo-inositol 2,4,6-trisphosphate and three phosphate groups as final products. Finally, we showed that PsBPP was highly effective for hydrolyzing rice bran with high phytate content. Taken together, our results suggest that PsBPP has great potential in the animal feed industry for reducing phytates.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2017

Four different types of cheeses were measure detailed changes in the mineral concentrations of cheese-serum during ripening. Concentrations of minerals in cheese juice were measured. The pH value using the low pH method (LPM) cheese was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of other cheeses. Similarly the total Ca, S, Mg, and P contents of LPM cheese were significantly lower in than those of other cheeses. Ca, S, Mg, and P remained in colloidal form, while other minerals were mostly in soluble forms after 1 day. The minerals associated with the structure of cheese (i.e., casein or colloidal calcium phosphate) remained largely insoluble even after 1 month of ripening.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.198-203
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• 1989

Field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of lime materials application on yield, and chemical composition of Burley 21 in 1986. Lime materials and application rate were CaSO$_4$ : Ca 35kg/l0a. CaCO$_3$ : Ca 35kg/l0a and Liming: pH6.5. Contents of Ca and Mg in fresh or cured leaves were increased, but AI, Fe and Mn were decreased by applying lime materials. Yield were increased by applying lime materials. Among lime materials treatment, yield of limed and CaCO$_3$ plot were higher than that of CaSO$_4$ plot. Value per kg of cured leaves was not affected by applying lime materials. Cured leaves of CaSO$_4$ plot contained higher NH$_3$-nitrogen and alkalinity number of water insoluble ash than those of unlimed plot. Cured leaves of CaCO$_3$, plot contained higher alkalinity number of water soluble ash, insoluble ash and volatile neutral constituent, but lower protein-nitrogen and petroleum ether extracts than those of unlimed plot. Cured leaves of limed plot contained higher alkalinity number of water soluble and insoluble ash, NO$_3$-nitrogen and volatile neutral constituents, but lower protein -nitrogen, nicotine and petroleum ether extracts than those unlimed plot. Yield was increased, however leaf Quality in respect to chemical and organoleptic characteristics were not affected considerably by applying lime materials. Therefore, it suggests that controlling the soil pH about 6.5 by liming might be necessary for tobacco cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.405-411
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• 2007

This study was carried out to measure insoluble phosphorus fractions content fixed in different soil type and isolate a superior phosphate solublizing bacteria(PSB) producing free phosphate in citrus orchard soil. Distribution of insoluble phosphate fraction ordered Al-P>Ca-P>Fe-P in the investigated citrus orchards. Insoluble phosphate fraction such as Al-P, Ca-P, Fe-P were higher in volcanic ash than in non-volcanic ash soil. A PSB with high holo zone in PDA-P medium isolated from citrus orchard soil. This strain identificated by MIDI system as Bacillus sphaericus. The optimum growth of pH and temperature were at 4~5, $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. When Bacillus sphaericus cultured at $25^{\circ}C$, 150 rpm condition in LB broth medium included different phosphate. Bacillus sphaericus produced free phosphate in the culture broth medium from tricalcium-phosphate(207.0 ppm), aluminium phosphate(324.5 ppm) and hydroxyapatite(334.8 ppm) and Phosphatase activity of Bacillus sphaericus was higher at $35^{\circ}C$ culture condition than that of $25^{\circ}C$. Two type preparation inoculated Bacillus sphaericus made with carrier materials such as Bentonite, $CaCO_3$, Sodium alginate. Density of PSB in this preparation conserved at $10^5c.f.u.\;g^{-1}$ level during storage in different temperature condition for 7 month. It also showed that free phosphate produced at PDA-P medium.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 1986

This study was attempted to investigate the occurrence and the partial characteristics of pectinesterase (PE) in cucumbers. And the involvement of endogenous cucumber PE with the formation of insoluble pectic acid, in the presence of endogenous or added calcium ions, was also studied. The results of this study are as follows: 1) PE activity was detected in whole cucumber homogenate. 2) The optimum pH and temperature of this enzyme were found to be 8.5 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively 3) When PE extract was added to 0.25% pectin solution, pectin gel was formed. The time required for the formation of pectin gel was reduced when the pectin solution was adjusted to the optimum conditions for PE activity(pH 8.5, $50^{\circ}C$) and $CaCl_2$ was added. 4) Cucumber juice which was heated to $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes fatted to form any insoluble pectate precipitate. The formation of precipitate in cucumber juice was accelerated by preheating to $50^{\circ}C$, adjusting to pH 8.5 and addition of $CaCl_2$. 5) These results can be interpreted that endogenous PE in cucumber juice demethylates pectin, allowing interlinking of pectin molecules via divalent cation $(Ca^{++})$ and thus forming insoluble Ca-pectate. Therefore additional firming effects of cucumber can be expected to be obtained through activation of PE in conjunction with calcium ions.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.651-662
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• 2002

Weather elements were observed by the AWS (Automatic Weather System) and dustfall particles were collected by the modified American dust jar (wide inlet bottle type) at 4 sampling sites in Busan area from March. 1999 to February, 2000. Thirteen chemical species (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn) were analyzed by AAS and ICP. The purposes of this study were to estimate qualitatively various bulk deposition flux of dustfall and insoluble components by applying regional and seasonal wind intensity. Frequency of wind speed were found in order of low(1-3m/s), very low(<1m/s), medium(3-8m/s) and high(>8m/s), and annual mean had higher range at low(1-3m/s) for 56.3%. Strong negative linear correlation were observed between dustfall and wind direction (northeastern and eastern), but strong positive linear correlation were observed between dustfall and wind direction (western and northwestern) at industrial, commercial and coastal zone(p<0.05). While a negative correlation were observed between wind speed frequency of very low(<1 m/s) and dustfall, and positive correlation were observed between wind speed frequency of low(1-3m/s) and dustfall in coastal zone(p<0.05). The correlation coefficient was observed 0.556 between wind speed frequency of low(1-3m/s) and Ni by commercial zone(p<0.05). The correlation coeffcient show well-defined insoluble trace metals (Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) and wind speed frequency of low(1-3m/s) at coastal zone, which was found significant difference(p<0.01).