• Molecules and Cells
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2023

The rapid development of mRNA vaccines has contributed to the management of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, suggesting that this technology may be used to manage future outbreaks of infectious diseases. Because the antigens targeted by mRNA vaccines can be easily altered by simply changing the sequence present in the coding region of mRNA structures, it is more appropriate to develop vaccines, especially during rapidly developing outbreaks of infectious diseases. In addition to allowing rapid development, mRNA vaccines have great potential in inducing successful antigen-specific immunity by expressing target antigens in cells and simultaneously triggering immune responses. Indeed, the two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have shown significant efficacy in preventing infections. The ability of mRNAs to produce target proteins that are defective in specific diseases has enabled the development of options to treat intractable diseases. Clinical applications of mRNA vaccines/therapeutics require strategies to safely deliver the RNA molecules into targeted cells. The present review summarizes current knowledge about mRNA vaccines/ therapeutics, their clinical applications, and their delivery strategies.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.2.1-2.19
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• 2023

Immune diversification helps protect the host against a myriad of pathogens. CD8⁺ T cells are essential adaptive immune cells that inhibit the spread of pathogens by inducing apoptosis in infected host cells, ultimately ensuring complete elimination of infectious pathogens and suppressing disease development. Accordingly, numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying CD8⁺ T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation into effector and memory cells, and to identify various intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulating these processes. The current knowledge accumulated through these studies has led to a huge breakthrough in understanding the existence of heterogeneity in CD8⁺ T cell populations during immune response and the principles underlying this heterogeneity. As the heterogeneity in effector/memory phases has been extensively reviewed elsewhere, in the current review, we focus on CD8⁺ T cells in a "naive" state, introducing recent studies dealing with the heterogeneity of naive CD8⁺ T cells and discussing the factors that contribute to such heterogeneity. We also discuss how this heterogeneity contributes to establishing the immense complexity of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell response.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2003

가시파래의 자연 서식지에서 자연채묘 방법과 실내에서 포자방출에 의한 인공종묘생산 기술을 개발하고, 양성시험에 의한 완전한 양식방법을 개발하여 대량생산 가능성을 조사하였다. 가시파래 자연채묘는 자연 서식지의 사니질로 조성된 해역이 적합하였으며, 하계의 착생밀도는 채묘틀이 지면에서 20cm 높이에 시설하는 것이 높았고, 추계에는 40cm 높이에 시설하는 것이 효과적이었다. 가시파래 인공종묘 생산은 성숙한 모조를 12~24시간 음건하여 포자를 방출하고, 포자액이 들어있는 수조에 채묘망을 넣고 24시간 암흑처리하면 포자 착생률이 높게 나타났다. 가시파래 양성은 수심이 낮고 저질이 니질 또는 사니질로 조성된 해역은 지주식으로 시설하며, 수심이 깊고 유속이 빠른 해역은 부류식으로 시설하는 것이 좋았다. 양성장소는 영양염이 풍부하고 파랑에 의한 엽체의 탈락과 시설물 파손이 적은 해역이 양호하였으며, 광합성률을 높이기 위하여 표층노출식으로 시설하는 것이 생산량이 많았다.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2014

Physalis alkekengi var. francheti Hort. is known as an insecticide and traditional remedy for liver related diseases. Therefore, this study investigated the chemopreventive effects of extracts and several solvent fractions (n-hexane, dichloromethane, n-butanol, water) of Physalis alkekengi var. francheti Hort. First, their cytotoxicity and NQO1 activity were measured using an MTT assay, plus a quinone reductase [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone); NAD(P)H: (quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.2]-inducing activity assay was performed using cultured murine hepatoma cells (Hepa1c1c7) and its mutant cells(BpRc1). The reduction of electrophilic quinones by NQO1 is an important detoxification pathway and major mechanism of chemoprevention. When compared with the other solvent soluble fractions with different polarities, the dichloromethane fraction of Physalis alkekengi var. francheti Hort. showed a higher NQO1-inducing activity that was also dose-dependent. Moreover, the dichloromethane fraction of Physalis alkekengi var. francheti Hort. induced ARE-luciferase activities in HepG2-C8 cells that were generated by transfecting the ARE-luciferase gene construct, suggesting the Nrf2-ARE-mediated induction of anti-oxidative enzymes. In conclusion, the dichloromethane-soluble fraction of Physalis alkekengi var. francheti Hort. showed a relatively strong induction of detoxifying enzymes, thereby meriting further study to identify the active components and evaluate their potential as cancer preventive agents.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제2권6호
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• pp.499-507
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• 2018

For the spatiotemporally aligned observation of photothrombosis induction and transient variations of in vivo brain stroke, we developed a novel photothrombosis inducing system compatible to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system using nonmagnetic stereotaxic equipment. From the spatial point of view, the system provides a more reliable level of reproducibility of the photothrombosis in each brain. From the temporal point of view, from T1- and T2-weighted in vivo MR (magnetic resonance) images, the transient variations such as incidence, location, and size of the thrombosis are measured quantitatively. In addition, the final variation is observed in the ex vivo brain by TTC (Triphenyltetrazolium chloride) staining based on histological assay and utilized for the verification of the MR images. From the experimental result of the rat brain, the proposed system shows more reliable characteristics for transient variations of brain strokes.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.343-355
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• 2023

After the implementation of the total pollution load control system, the effect of improving river water quality by expanding investments in basic environmental facilities, inducing operational efficiency, and reducing the load of various pollutants was clear. However, since the implementation of the system, the management of non-point pollutants has been neglected; management focused on specific substances (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total phosphorus (T-P)) and lacked specific cause analysis and action plans, failed to establish a relationship between water quality and pollution load, failed to reflect stakeholder demands for river water quality management, and failed to apply technical conditions. Therefore, to overcome the limitations raised and achieve a practical and efficient advanced total pollution system, the current system was partially improved and will continue to be improved. This study analyzed the performance and limitations of the total pollution system and introduced recent improvements and the contents that are being improved. The main contents included reducing emissions and reduction monitoring, using water quality tele-monitoring system (TMS) data and self-measurement data, adding population-inducing facilities, and adjusting regional development projects from 20 to 30 multi-family housing units, currentizing each pollutant source according to the roadmap. If the system is improved in a developmental direction and responds to various changes, it will be a more practical and effective policy.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1995년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1434-1436
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• 1995

We designed and fabricated a highly sensitive magnetotransistor which employes the emitter region as a Hall plate for inducing Hall voltage across the emitter. The Hall voltage modulates the emitter basic junction bias on both sides of the emitter so that a large collector current difference is resulted. The specially designed $p^+$ ring around the emitter enhances accumulation of drifted electrons in the emitter and thus the Hall voltage. A relative sensitivity of 240/tesla is measured by operating the device in the saturation mode.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.321-326
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• 2012

배선용 차단기(MCCB)를 구성하는 개폐기구부, 아크(Arc)소호부, 트립(Trip)부는 차단기의 성능을 결정짓는 중요한 요소들이다. 그 중 아크소호부는 차단시 발생한 아크를 소호실 안쪽으로 유도하여 여러개의 짧은 아크로 분할시키며 아크를 냉각, 소멸시켜 차단을 빠르게 하는 구조이다. 본 연구에서는 새로운 소호구조를 제안하였고, 차단 성능이 우수한 변수에 대한 최적화 실험을 하였으며, 이를 토대로 실제 실험제품에 적용하여 성능 향상에 대한 연구를 수행하였다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회A
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• pp.1277-1281
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• 2007

A Nano-tip as a cold field emitter for inducing a field emission current has manufactured in many ways. In the paper, the electrochemical etching method is used. Thus, in order to optimize the final shape as the field emitter, the reliable fabrication system for electrochemical etching was constructed. In addition, the effective parameters such as applied voltage, submerged length, meniscus height, electrolyte concentration and environmental condition(vibration, humidity, cut-off time) have investigated in detail. By controlling the parameters, reliable tungsten tip for field emitter was fabricated. And the fabricated tungsten tip was evaluated optically. Finally, the very sharp apex of the tungsten tip was observed with scanning electron microscope.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2003

The intestinal immune system can discriminate between harmful and unharmful antigens and do not provoke productive immunity to unharmful antigen. Thus oral administration of antigen is one of classical methods for inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance in the periphery. Furthermore, oral tolerance has been investigated for the treatment of autoimmune disorders in human clinical trials. However, the detail mechanism of oral tolerance and contributing factors are not defined clearly at this time. Recent studies demonstrate unique types of immune cell that suppressing immune response, such as regulatory T cell and tolerogenic dendritic cell. This article reviews the factors involved in oral tolerance and discusses our current understanding base on the recent literatures and our works.