• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.94-104
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• 2018

Nitrite is an essential additive for cured meat product. Plasma is ionized gas and reactive nitrogen species in plasma can be infused into meat batter and subsequently generate nitrites by reaction with water molecules after plasma treatment. However, the increase of nitrite in meat batter is limited with direct treatment of atmospheric pressure cold plasma because of the increase of meat batter temperature. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of indirect treatment of atmospheric pressure cold plasma on the physicochemical properties of meat batter. Meat batter was indirectly treated with plasma at 1.5 kW for 60 min. The pH of meat batter decreased while the temperature increased with plasma treatment time. The total aerobic bacterial count of meat batter was not affected by plasma treatment. The nitrite content of meat batter was increased to 377.68 mg/kg after 60 min of plasma treatment. The residual nitrite content of cooked meat batter also increased with plasma treatment time. The CIE $a^*$-value of cooked meat batter increased. As plasma treatment time increased, lipid oxidation tended to increase and protein oxidation significantly increased. According to these results, the indirect treatment of atmospheric pressure cold plasma can be used as a new curing method for replacing synthetic nitrite salts.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2017

Most of weapon systems use aided navigation system which integrates inertial navigation and aiding sensors to compensate the INS errors increasing with the passage of time. Various aid sensors can be applied such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), radar, barometer, etc., but there might exist time delay caused by signal processing or transferring aid information. This time delay leads out-of-sequence measurements (OOSM) systems. Previously, optimal and suboptimal measurment update method for OOSM systems, where the time delay length are known, are proposed. However, previous algorithm does not guarantee the positive definite property of covariance matrix. In order to improve numerical stability for aided navigation using delayed-measurement, this paper proposes a new measurement covariance update algorithm be similar to Joseph-form in Kalman filter. Futhermore, we propose how to implement it in indirect feedback Kalman filter structure, which is commonly used in aided navigation systems, for time-delayed measurement systems. Simulation and vehicle test results show effectiveness of a proposed algorithm.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.120-129
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was to explore elderly people's elder abuse experiences, and the relations between the abuse experiences (direct and indirect) and their level of activities of daily living, family relations and self-integrity. Method: A descriptive survey was conducted, and the participants were 108 elderly people. Data were analyzed using SPSS by descriptive statistics and t-test. Result: It was that indirect abuse experiences of the elder was higher than direct abuse experiences. In this research, the most common kind of direct elder abuse was 'psychological abuse and negligence', and the severity was low. The largest portion of indirect abuse experiences belonged to 'physical abuse and negligence', and the severity was high. The older people who had direct abuse experiences showed lowered self-integrity and serious family problems and stress. Conclusion: The experiences of elder abuse showed differences in family relations and self integrity. Hence, there should be a nursing intervention improving psycho-social factors such as self integrity and family relations, and systematic and easily available supporting organizations for victims of elder abuse.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.484-494
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the direct influences of the risk factors of the family environment on the problem behaviors of early adolescents, and the indirect influences of the same by the mediation of ego resilience. Method: After random extraction of five elementary schools located in D metropolitan city, we conducted a survey of 5th and 6th-grade male and female students. For the analysis, we used data from the questionnaire results of 450 students. For the data analysis, we performed t-test of independent samples, one-way ANOVA, path analysis and Sobel test, utilizing SPSS/WIN 19.0 program. Result: The direct influence of the risk factors of the family environment on the problem behaviors of the early adolescents was 0.447, while the indirect influence by the mediation of ego resilience was 0.146. Conclusion: It was found that the risk factors of the family environment not only exert direct influences on the problem behaviors of early adolescents, they also have indirect influences on the problem behaviors of early adolescents by way of the mediation of ego resilience.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.656-660
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• 2004

The Mobile Mapping System is an effective method to acquire the position and image data using vehicle equipped with the GPS (Global Positioning System), IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), and CCD camera. It is used in various fields of road facility management, map update, and etc. In the general photogrammetry such as aerial photogrammetry, GCP (Ground Control Point)s are needed to compute the image exterior orientation elements (the position and attitude of camera). These points are measured by field survey at the time of data acquisition. But it costs much time and money. Moreover, it is not possible to make sufficient GCP as much as we want. However Mobile Mapping System is more efficient both in time and money because it can obtain the position and attitude of camera at the time of photographing. That is, Indirect Georeferencing must use GCP to compute the image exterior orientation elements, but on the other hand Direct Georeferencing can directly compute the image exterior orientation elements by GPS/INS. In this paper, we analyze about the positional accuracy comparison of ground point using the Direct Georeferencing and Indirect Georeferencing.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 1994

The purpose of this experimental research was focused to improve the quality of the effluent and the yielded sludge when the papermill wastewater was treated by the indirect aerated submerged biofilter as a second treatment method of papermill wastewater. Changing the various experimental factors(Nutrient additions or not, HRT, F/M ratio, recirculation ratio, etc) with indirect aerated biofilter, the results obtained are as follows. 1. Because of the microbes concentration could be sustained to $9,000mg/l$ in submerged biofilter and then the volumetric organic loads could be increased to $2.7kg-BOD/m^3/day$(that of activated sludge is $0.8kg-BOD/m^3/day$), the reactor volume can be reduced to one third of the activated sludge treatment. 2. Because of the yield coefficient(Y) and the endogenous decay coefficient(kd) were revealed 0.4 and 0.07/d, the yielded sludge volume was reduced by for compared with that of the activated sludgg process. 3. The concentration of the sloughed sludge in the reactor was 2.62~4.01%, so the thickener could be omitted in the papermill wastewater sludge treatment process. 4. When the operating was conducted at HRT of 4hrs, the treatment efficiencies of BOD and COD were obtained 80% and 70%, Therefore operating time can be reduced to one half of the activated sludge treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2006

This study explored the possibility of porous Si (PS) formed by indirect electrode anodization used for effective isolation material for radio frequency integrated circuits (RFIC). We investigated the effect of current density and reaction time on the porosity size and depth, and X-ray diffraction of bulk Si and porous Si to evaluate the change in lattice parameter. Porosity size and depth usually increases with an increase in the current density and reaction time. PS increases the lattice parameter of Si compared to the bulk Si which causes the compressive stress of around 8 MPa. PS formed by the method is believed to be suitable for isolation material for RFIC because it is simple process as well as good compatibility to Si VLSI process.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.541-551
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was to identify the effects of the predictive factors of Internet addiction and to develop a predictive model that explains Internet addiction among adolescents in Korea. Method: Data was collected from 664 adolescents in Puasan and Ulsan. Data analysis was done using the SPSS 10.0 Win Program for descriptive and correlational statistics and the LISREL 8.53 Win Program for Covariance structural analysis. Result: The fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate, it was modified by deleting four paths. Compared to the hypothetical model, the revised one had a better fit to the data($\chi^2$/df=6.50, GFI=.99, AGFI=.90, RMR=.02, NNFI=.88, NFI=.98, CN=279). Gender, friend support, and loneliness had significant direct effects on Internet addiction. The direct and indirect effect of self-esteem on Internet addiction was significant. The indirect effect of family support on Internet addiction was significant but its direct effect was insignificant. The direct and indirect effects of stress and impulsiveness on Internet addiction were significant but their total effects were insignificant. Conclusion: Finally, to decrease loneliness, and to increase family support and self-esteem, an effective intervention program and education should be developed to prevent Internet addiction of adolescents.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.701-712
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of democratic and autocratic behavior type of dance art instructors in elementary dance education on class satisfaction focused on mediations of flow and perceived competence. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed but insincerely replied or double-replied questionnaires were excluded and finally 453 questionnaires were analyzed for this study. For the analysis of the data, SPSS 18.0 version was used and double mediation model operating in serial, proposed by Hayes and a bootstrapping method were used. First, instructor's democratic behavior type was statistically positive effect on class satisfaction. However autocratic behavior type was statistically negative effect. Second, the indirect effect of instructor's democratic type and autocratic behavior type on class satisfaction through the flow were statistically positive significant. Third, the indirect effect of instructor's democratic behavior type on class satisfaction through the perceived competence was statistically significant. However autocratic behavior type was statistically negative effect. Lastly, the indirect effect of instructor's democratic and autocratic behavior types on class satisfaction through the flow and perceived competence were statistically positive significant.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidative effect and antimutagenic capacity of ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes by employing biological and biochemical assays. The $IC_{50}$ of MDA with BSA conjugation reaction, lipid peroxidation and scavenging effect on DPPH radical in ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes was found to be 28.39 mg/assay, 9.33 mg/assay and 144.61 mg/assay respectively. Therefore, the most effective antioxidative capacity of ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes was $Fe^+$-induced linoleate peroxidation, among the method used this study. The indirect and direct antimutagenic effects of the ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes were examined by the Ames test using Salmonella typimurium TA98 and TA100. The inhibition rates on indirect mutagenicity mediated by 2-anthramine and on direct mutagenicity mediated by sodium azide in Salmonella typimurium TA100 and mediated by 2-nitrofluorene in Salmonella typimurium TA98 were 0%, respectively. These findings indicate that ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes have no effects on indirect and direct mutagenicity. Based on these results, it believed that the ethanol extracts of Flammulina velutipes has antioxidative capacities, and is a the candidate for the prevention and dietetic treatment of chronic diseases and the development of antioxidative functional food.