• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.117-120
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• 2005

The business market of architecture has got a system that controls a deposit according to the price function. This system is written on a law of contract about countries. So the main body of construction has to make a reasonable contract. This study is written about a rate of numerical index on controling a deposit. We tried to fine problems and solutions of labor expenses, instrument costs and material costs which is so big and changable on the construction market Labor expenses are expressed according to the rate of construction scale between direct and indirect cost that applies ability of works. Instrument costs are expressed according to an output method of a unit price annually and a weight allowance of local instrument conditions and use frequence. The last material costs expressed according to a local weight allowance make a decision of the material cost index. They applies locally relative index more than absolute one on what uses the price rate of producers and importations. This solutions are not enough to apply to the real market, so it needs to exam and to be on the market after a feasibility study.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2006

Purpose: To compare of health inequalities between rural and urban areas in term of health status, health behaviors and medical care utilization by using national-wide data. Method: The data came from the 2000 and 2005 census data, 2004 death certification statistics and 2001 national health and nutrition survey. The health indicators used in this study were mortality, perceived health status, health related behaviors, morbidity, accidents and suicides, mental health-related factors, health care accessibility. Korean rural areas have been experiencing a rapid aging process and there are demographic differences between rural and urban populations. Thus, both of crude rates and age-adjusted rates were compared. Result: Although the degrees decreased after adjustment for age, health inequalities between areas still existed. The people who lived in rural areas suffer from higher mortality, morbidity and unhealthy behavior compared to people in urban areas. Especially, regional health inequalities for women were significant. Health care accessibility in rural areas was also lower and medical indirect costs for rural residents were higher than those of urban residents. Conclusion: To reduce health inequalities between geographical areas, political efforts to tackle health inequalities in the rural areas are required.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2017

Due to the time-dependent properties of materials, structures, and loads, accurate time-dependent effects analysis and precise construction controls are very significant for rational analysis and design and saving project cost. Elevation control is an important part of the time-dependent construction control in supertall structures. Since supertall structures have numerous floors, heavy loads, long construction times, demanding processes, and are typically located in the soft coastal soil areas, both the time-dependent features of superstructure and settlement are very obvious. By using the time-dependent coupling effect analysis method, this paper compares Shanghai Tower's vertical deformation calculation and elevation control scheme, considering foundation differential settlement. The results show that the foundation differential settlement cannot be ignored in vertical deformation calculations and elevation control for supertall structures. The impact of foundation differential settlement for elevation compensation and pre-adjustment length can be divided into direct and indirect effects. Meanwhile, in the engineering practice of elevation control for supertall structures, it is recommended to adopt the multi-level elevation control method with relative elevation control and design elevation control, without considering the overall settlement in the construction process.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.513-525
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• 1990

This paper presents Adaptive Robust Servocontrol(ARSC) scheme, which is an explicit(or indirect) pole-assignment adaptive algorithm with the property of "robustness". It guarantees asymptotic regulation and tracking in the presence of finite parameter perturbations of the unknown plant(or process) model. The controller structure is obtained by transforming a robust control theory into an adaptive control version. This controller structure is combined with the model estimation algorithm which includes a dead-zone for bounded noise. It is proved theoretically that this combination of control and identification is globally convergent and stable. It is also shown, through a real-time simulation study, that the desired closed-loop poles of the augmented system can be assigned directly, and that the adjustment mechanism of the scheme tunes the controller parameters according to the assigned closed-loop poles.oop poles.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.3 s.56
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• pp.144-154
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• 2006

Except the time when relics of a museum are exhibited or loaned to the public, they are stored in a storage. In addition, it is common view that collections are exhibited a few of total stored collections in a museum. Therefore, the environmental condition of a storage is an important factor. Hereby, the purpose of this study is to suggest the design guidelines of a storage for conservation of relics in a museum. The results from this study are as follows briefly. First, location of storages has to be located and centralized above ground against preservation environment and additional renovation. Second, for storage size, It is reasonable to secure long-term experimental data after planning about 20% of whole section in present domestic situation. Third, in order to prevent environmental deterioration due to short storage floor space, adequate storage height has to be secured against a mezzanine deck and spare storages need to be planned. Where a mezzanine deck is designed, detailed plans have to be supported for equal micro climate in a storage. Fourth, in respect of environmental control of storages, finish materials with adjustment ability on relative humidity have to be used after the system is installed jointly direct and indirect way by air chamber, considering domestic condition for management of intermittent ventilation.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2018

Purpose: The study aimed to validate a structural model of self-concept among children and adolescents from multicultural families. Methods: Data were collected from 325 mothers of multicultural families and their 417 children. Confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis and multiple mediation analysis with a phantom variable approach were used to assess construct validity and relations between model variables. Results: Goodness of fit indices of the modified theoretical model, the standardized ${\chi}^2$ (2.75), RMR (.02), RMSEA (.07), NFI (.90), TLI (.92), CFI (.94), GFI (.89), and AGFI (.87), met criteria. Social support and mental health problem had significant direct effects on self-concept, whereas residential environment and school adjustment had significant indirect effects, accounting in combination for 53% of the variance in self-concept. Conclusion: Based on the results, mental health problem mediated the relationships of self-concept and parenting stress.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2019

Purpose: This study tries to test mediating effects of hope and therapeutic relationship in the relation between general social functions and mental health recovery of community people with mental illness. Methods: This study was carried out in a cross-sectional research design. The participants included 217 people with mental illnesses who were enrolled at eight Mental Health Welfare Centers in the Gyeonggi Province. Data were collected from February to May, 2018. The collected data were analyzed using a regression analysis, and SPSS PROCESS macro was used to test the mediating effects. Results: This study analyzed the direct effects of general social functions on the hope, therapeutic relationship and mental health recovery. And general social functions had indirect effects on their mental health recovery via hope and therapeutic relationship. Both hope and therapeutic relationship had dual mediating effects in the influence of general social functions on mental health recovery. Conclusion: The role of hope and therapeutic relationship in the mental health recovery of community people with mental illness is important, and it is confirmed that hope is a powerful factor influencing mental health recovery.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.152-164
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• 2015

Enhancing clarity and transparency of the pricing guide for technical services for public construction works enables the prediction and reimbursement of the service cost for project owners and bidders, while it would also yield benefits for engineers who carry out the construction tasks. In order to improve the global competitiveness of construction service industry, the government revised its pricing guide for techical services for construction works recently, moving away from its previous percentage-of-construction-cost method towards the Cost Plus a Fee Method. However, since the Cost Plus a Fee Method results in the rise of the service price by 153%~197%, there is the need for a review on the method and basis of the adjustment in order to avoid controversies regarding the application of the revised method. In this context, this paper analysed the 2014 revision of the pricing guide for technical services for public construction works through comparison with foreign cases including those of the US and the UK. The analysis yielded the conclusion that, while the shift towards Cost Plus a Fee Method which is widely used in advanced economies is a very meaningful change in large measure, certain aspects still remain problematic. Unlike in advanced economies, the detailed break-down shows the direct labor cost includes certain indirect expenses. Also, indirec expenses are admitted so comprehensively as to include overhead costs and technology royalties. These problems results in redundant estimation of certain expenses, and obstructs transparency in spending details. This paper proposes various improvement measures to address these issues.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5D
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• pp.695-703
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• 2008

China water market has huge potential for increased use of BOT mode and one of the most attractive markets of doing business. However, the current China water BOT market shows that many foreign companies are retreating from the market while Chinese water companies fast growing. From the view no domestic companies have track records in China BOT water market, the research identified twenty market access barriers in terms of construction laws, regulations, BOT-related policy and the recent market situation. These are evaluated based on interview results with 10 professionals direct or indirect having a China water BOT experience. All the factors are found to be highly influential to foreign company's decision on the market participation. Among those, no fixed return policy and low water price, difficulty in water price adjustment and approval, and no government guarantees, all directly related to the project viability and under the control of government, were the most critical factors, implying government's role is the key in increasing the market competition by attracting more foreign participation on the market. In addition, new construction law regulating foreign EPC contractor's construction work, namely Decree 113, and requirement of applying competitive bidding in selecting EPC contractor in a BOT project are also considered signigicant barriers on foreign participation, which contradicts international norm and therefore necessitates an adjustment on current decision process in domestic companies.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 1998

These days social and economical changes have influence on the structure of family and the role of family members. Working mothers and widowers with children are increasing because of economical difficulties. Support from relatives are decreasing because of the conspicuous trend toward nuclear families. According to these reasons androgynous fathers are required. Today's fathers in Korea socially and culturally have learned about traditional parenting, but they are changing their fathering styles to meet the demands of the times. However they don't have their own fathering models. Therefore nurses who hold an advantageous position to teach and support from clinic have to encourage them to care their infants. The purposes of this study were to define father's care giving in infancy, understand influencing factors on fathering, and the differences between fathering and mothering, then contribute to nursing implementation for supporting fathers. This study was designed to review references about father's care giving. The results were follows: Six aspects of parent participation were direct care. indirect care, play, decision-making concerning the child, amount of time of sole responsibility for the child and overall availability to the child. Direct care involved feeding, bathing, going to child if child awakens. dressing, putting child to bed, taking child to doctor, nurse, or dentist, transporting child to and from sitter, day care, or school, washing child's hair. Indirect care involved cleaning up after child, preparing child's food, fixing child's broken playthings, washing child's clothes, arranging baby-sitting, shopping for child's toys and clothes, transporting baby-sitter to and from your home. Young fathers were gradually participating in direct care like feeding, taking child to doctor. Father's care giving stimulated mothering and promoted parent-infant relationship. Influencing factors of fathering would be divided into father characteristics, surrounding factors, infant attributes. Father characteristics were age, role perception, relationship with parent. Surrounding factors were the opportunity of early contact, support system, spouse's expectation, marital adjustment, feeding type, past experience of care giving. Infant attributes were temperament, behavior, age, sex. The differences between fathering and mothering were reviewed. Fathers were poor at care giving. but their caring was similar to mother's. This subtle difference positively worked upon infant's growth and development. On the basis of these theoretical data, nurses can empower fathers to cooperate with mothers in caring infants.