• Clinical Endoscopy
• /
• v.51 no.6
• /
• pp.527-533
• /
• 2018

There have been many advances in endoscopic imaging technologies. Magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging is an innovative optical technology that enables the precise discrimination of structural changes on the mucosal surface. Several studies have demonstrated its usefulness and superiority for tumor detection and differential diagnosis in the stomach as compared with conventional endoscopy. Furthermore, magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging has the potential to predict the invasion depth and tumor margins during gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection. Classifications of the findings of magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging based on microvascular and pit patterns have been proposed and have shown excellent correlations with invasion depth confirmed by microscopy. In terms of tumor margin prediction, magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging offers superior delineation of gastric tumor margins compared with traditional chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine. The limitations of narrow-band imaging, such as the need for considerable training, long procedure time, and lack of studies about its usefulness in undifferentiated cancer, should be resolved to confirm its value as a complementary method to endoscopic submucosal dissection. However, the role of magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging is expected to increase steadily with the increasing use of endoscopic submucosal dissection for the treatment of gastric tumors.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.155-161
• /
• 2011

Purpose: To determine the diagnostic utility of a frozen section biopsy in patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric neoplasms with obscure margins even with chromoendoscopy using acetic acid and indigo carmine (AI chromoendoscopy). Materials and Methods: The lateral spread of early gastric neoplasms was unclear even following AI chromoendoscopy in 38 patients who underwent ESD between June 2007 and May 2011. Frozen section biopsies were obtained by agreement of the degree of lateral spread between two endoscopists. Thus, frozen section biopsies were obtained from 23 patients (FBx group) and not in the other 15 patients (AI group). Results: No significant differences were observed for size, histology, invasive depth, and location of lesions between the AI and FBx groups. No false positive or false negative results were observed in the frozen section diagnoses. Adenocarcinoma was revealed in three patients and tubular adenoma in one, thereby changing the delineation of lesion extent and achieving free lateral margins. The rates of free lateral resection margins and curative resection were significantly higher in the FBx group than those in the AI group. Conclusions: Frozen section biopsy can help endoscopists perform more safe and accurate ESD in patients with early gastric neoplasm.

• The Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 1997

The objective of this study was to investigate the color preference and the recognition of color names among college students. The study revealed the following: 1) The most favorite colors included blue, purple, white and green in that order; and the least favorite colors included achromatic colors, ocher and red in that order. 2) Brown was the favorite color in furniture while red was the disliked color; In colthing, white was preferred while red was disliked; Red was appropriate for accent colors, and bright colors were for product packages. 3) In regards with seasonal image, yellow, blue, brown and white were associated with spring, summer, fall and winter, respectively; Blue represented self-image most. 4) Black, grey, red and green in that order showed the higest recognitions in color names while indigo, crimson, deep carmine and havy blue showed the lowesR ; Color name recognitions showed the order of achomatic, neutial, warm and cool colors.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.57-63
• /
• 2011

This survey was conducted to develop an appropriate management for safety of children snacks. In this study, monitorings of food additives such as nine kinds of tar colors (tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF, brilliant blue FCF, indigo carmine, new coccine, amaranth, erythrosine, allura red and fast green FCF) which are sold at stationary store around the school, were performed. Eighty two samples (3 snacks, 71 candies, 4 chocolates and 4 beverages) were analyzed for tar colors. Results of risk assessment for tar colors were expressed as EDI (Estimated Daily Intake) comparing with ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake). The ratio of high risk group for tar color intake (95th) were 0-3.56%. The consumptions of tar colors from domestic and imported products for nine kinds of tar colors in candies were not significantly different. The results of this study indicated that each ED! of nine kinds of tar colors sold at stationary store around the school is much lower than each ADI in general. Consequently, the children snacks are thought to be safe for consumption.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.30-35
• /
• 1999

A simple, rapid, efficient method is for extraction of 13 synthetic water-soluble food colours (Tartrazine, Amarnth, Indigo carmine, New coccine, Sunset yellow FCF, Allura red AC, Eosine, Fast Green FCF, Brilliant Blue FCF, Erythrosine, Acid red, phloxine, Rose Bengal) by polyamide resin and for their quantitative by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Colours (coal-tar dyes) were extracted with polyamide resin and then determinated by HPLC. The HPLC conditions using a reverse phase partition type column $(Nova-pak\;C_{18})$, photodiode array (PDA) detector and 1% Ammonium acetate / 60% acetonitrile in water as eluent, were acceptable for various kinds of colorants. By the use of the proposed method, a survey of coal-tar dyes was carried out on 20 samples and that were detected $4.76{\sim}133.47\;ppm$.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.355-360
• /
• 2005

This study was carried out to research the use of tar colors in children's favorite foods such as candies, soft drinks, chewing gums, cereals, and ice bars in order to acquire basic data on food safety. The tar colors were simultaneously analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of tar colors in candies, soft drinks, gums, cereals, and ice bars were maximum 74.10 mg/100 g, 5.96 mg/100 g, 35.70 mg/100 g, 20.10 mg/100 g, and 4.93 mg/100 g, respectively. In addition, every tar colors except for Indigo carmine (B2) and Fast Green FCF (G3) among permitted tar colors were used in foods and more than two kinds of tar colors were used in most cases. From the results, only types of tar colors for foods were regulated, but the amount was not regulated.