• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2017

본 연구는 2013년 번식기 동안 광주광역시에서 제비의 번식행동을 밝히기 위하여 이루어졌다. 오전시간에 영소 빈도는 14.2~31.0 trips/h 범위, 성별로는 수컷 10.2~19.8 trips/h, 암컷 4.0~11.4 trips/h을 보였다. 영소 시간은 7.6~15.9 min/h 범위였고, 성별로는 수컷 4.8~8.1 min/h, 암컷 2.8~8.0 min/h 으로 조사되었다. 한 회 영소 시간은 수컷 $26.1{\pm}15.5sec/trip$, 암컷 $40.0{\pm}27.9sec/trip$으로 암컷이 수컷보다 약 1.5배 길었다(p<0.001). 포란은 암컷이 전담하였으며, 6h에 $50.6{\pm}17.5min/h$ (84%), 7h에 24.5 min/h(40.8%)이었고, 그 이후로는 대략 15.6 min/h (26.0%)로 조사되었다. 주간시간 암컷의 포란시간은 시간대별로 고도로 유의한 차이를 보였으며(p<0.001), 6h의 포란시간은 다른 시간보다 특히 높은 것으로 나타났다. 암컷의 포란시간과 평균 기온간에는 유의한 음의 상관관계가 있었다(p<0.05). 주간시간에 급이 빈도는 총 $385.2{\pm}66.9trips/nest$, 성별로는 수컷 $219.2{\pm}37.1trips/nest$, 암컷 $166.0{\pm}30.8trips/nest$으로 나타났다. 시간당 급이 빈도는 $32.1{\pm}12.3trips/h$, 성별로는 수컷 $18.3{\pm}7.8trips/h$, 암컷 $14.3{\pm}4.5trips/h$ 이었다. 시간당 급이 빈도는 성별로 10h(p<0.05)와 15h(p<0.01)에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 한 회 급이 시간은 수컷 $12.3{\pm}31.0sec/trip$, 암컷 $40.9{\pm}83.3sec/trip$로 암컷이 수컷보다 유의하게 투자하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 새끼의 배변 빈도는 $45.6{\pm}8.4times/nest$이었으며, 급이 빈도와 양의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.05). 본 연구의 결과는 한국의 서식환경에 적응하여 번식하는 제비의 번식행동학적 정보를 이해하는데 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생태학회 2006년도 임시총회 및 학술논문발표회
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• pp.98-102
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• 2006

We studied the behavior of black vultures breeding in Erdenesant, Mongolia through time budget observation. We observed a pair of black vulture for 115 days from April 30 to August 22, 2005, of which 15 days were before hatching and 100 days of brood rearing. The egg hatched on May $14^{th}$. Incubation was done by both a male and female vultures, but the period covered by the male vulture(56.82%) was longer than that by the female one(34.62%). In the early days of brood rearing, time spent by the female vulture at the nest took 54.9 % and it was 19.27% for the male. In the middle of brood rearing period, just inaction and preening were noticed, as they watched their chicks for a long time without sheltering chick under the parent's body. Late brood rearing period was characterized by less chick care and adults mostly stayed in the nest only when to feed the chicks. During breeding time, both the male and the female vulture fed only the chicks and did not give food to each other. During rearing period, the male vulture fed the chick more often than female.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.243-247
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• 2007

We investigated the reproductive behavior of Octopus minor, order Octopoda, class Cephalopoda under laboratory conditions. Each mature female octopus was kept in an aquarium with a plastic tube for shelter, and one mature male was introduced for the purpose of copulation. Before spawning, the female coated the roof of the shelter with a light-green material, upon which it then fixed its eggs one by one. This spawning behavior lasted 1 to 3 days. Fertilized females spawned 54 eggs on average, ranging from 21 to 112 eggs at 72 to 98 days after copulation. The attached eggs were 18.1-19.0 mm in length, 5.0-6.1 mm in width, and 0.30-0.38 g in weight. The mother octopods did not feed; they attended to the eggs by using their arms to rub the egg surfaces and used their funnel to blow sediments off of the eggs. At water temperatures of $20.9-21.5^{\circ}C$, the fertilized eggs hatched within 73 to 90 days after being spawned. The effective cumulative water temperature was $1,569-1,892^{\circ}C$. At the end of incubation, the body weight of the mother octopods was reduced to approximately 56% of the initial weight, and most mother octopods died soon after the young hatched.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.827-835
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• 1998

Blanket Copper films were chemically vapor deposited on six kinds for substrates for scrutinizing the change of characteristics induced by the difference of substrates and seeding layers. Both TiN/Si and {{{{ { SiO}_{2 } }}/Si wafers were used as-recevied and with the Cu-seeding layers of 40${\AA}$ and 160${\AA}$ which were produced by sputtering The CVD processes were exectued at the deposition temperatures between 130$^{\circ}C$ and 260$^{\circ}C$ us-ing (hfc)Cu(VTMS) as a precursor. The deposition rate of 40$^{\circ}C$ Cu-seeded substrates was higher than that of other substrates and especially in seeded {{{{ { SiO}_{2 } }}/Si substrate because of the incubation period reducing in-duced by seeding layer at the same deposition time and temperature. The resistivity of 160${\AA}$ Cu seeded substrate was lower then that of 40 ${\AA}$ because the nucleation and growth behavior in Cu-island is different from the behavior in {{{{ { SiO}_{2 } }} substrate due to the dielectricity of {{{{ { SiO}_{2 } }}.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.121-126
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• 1993

혐기(嫌氣) 및 호기(好氣)조건하에서 토양(土壤)에 처리(處理)된 돈분(豚糞) 중 질소행동(窒素行動)에 관한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 사양토(砂壤土)에 생돈분(生豚糞) 및 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞)을 2:1로 혼합하고 혐기(嫌氣) 및 호기조건하(好氣條件下)에서 8주간(週間) 항온(恒溫)($30^+/-1^{\circ}C$) 하면서 토양(土壤)과 돈분(豚糞) 혼합물(混合物)의 pH 변화와 $CH_4$ 발생량(發生量) 그리고 무기태질소(無機態窒素) 농도(濃度)변화를 조사(調査)하였다. 토양(土壤)에 생돈분(生豚糞)처리시 혐기조건(嫌氣條件)에서의 pH가 호기조건(好氣條件)에서 보다 1.87 단위(單位) 낮아졌고 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞) 처리에서는 혐기(嫌氣), 호기조건(好氣條件) 간에 pH 차이가 적었다. 혐기(嫌氣)조건에서 항온기간(恒溫期間) 경과에 따른 pH 감소(減少) 회귀식(回歸式)(P<0.01)으로 부터 얻어진 회귀계수(回歸係數)는 생돈분(生豚糞)에서 -0.114, 발효(醱酵)돈분에서 -0.08로 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞)에 비하여 생돈분(生豚糞)에서 pH 감소율(減少率)이 컸다. 생돈분(生豚糞), 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞)을 토양에 처리시 혐기(嫌氣)조건에서 $CH_4$ 발생량은 항온(恒溫) 3주(週)까지는 두처리 간에 차이가 없었으나 3주(週) 이후에는 생돈분(生豚糞)에서의 $CH_4$ 발생량이 현저히 증가되었으며 8주(週) 까지의 누적(累積) $CH_4$ 발생량은 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞)에 비하여 3.2배(倍) 증가되었다. 항온(恒溫) 3주(週)부터 8주(週)까지 일당(日當) $CH_4$ 발생량은 생돈분(生豚糞)에서 0.211 mole/g, 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞)에서 0.046 mole/g였다. 호기조건(好氣條件)에서 생돈분(生豚糞)처리시 $NH_4-N$ 농도는 항온기간(恒溫期間)이 경과(經過)됨에 따라 점차 감소(減少)되었으며 $NO_3-N$ 농도는 초기(初期)에 11.2 ppm에서 8주(週) 후(後)에 67ppm으로 6배(倍) 증가되었는데 이러한 결과는 호기(好氣)조건의 발효돈분(醱酵豚糞)에서도 유사(類似)한 경향이었다. 그러나 혐기(嫌氣)조건에서는 항온기간별(恒溫期間別) $NH_4-N$ 농도가 급격(急激)히 증가되었으나 $NO_3-N$ 농도는 4~8ppm으로 호기조건(好氣條件)에 비하여 매우 낮았다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 1994

Activation behavior, hydriding rate and disintegration were studied for a compact in pellet form and hydrogen storage alloy particles treated with newly developed inorganic solution. Cylindrical disc of 12.95mm diameter and of 7.1mm thickness was prepared by compressing(8ton) a mixture of $MmNi_{4.5}Al_{0.47}$ and PTFE. Chemical treatment of particles with 1mol of solution was performed at room temperature for several hours until the pH of solution did not change. Chemical treatment made much accelerated activation without any incubation period which generally exists in the untreated alloys and the hydriding reaction rate after full activation also was improved.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.371-375
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• 2007

In-situ observation of electromigration behavior of eutectic SnPb solder was performed as a function of line length at $100^{\circ}C$, $6{\times}10^4A/cm$ condition in a scanning electron microscope chamber. The incubation time for edge drift and the edge drift velocity increase as line length increases, which are discussed with the void nucleation stage of solder bump and the electromigration back flux force, respectively. Finally, the existence of electromigration product (jL) and its line length dependency are also discussed.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.75-79
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• 1987

Liposomes were studied as a drug delivery system. Multilamellar vesicles, small unilamellar vesicles and large unilamellar vesicles containing cytarabine were prepared using egg yolk lecithin and cholesterol. Large unilamellar vesicles showed the highest encapsulation efficiency of all and their encapsulation efficiency increased as the buffer volume decreased. Cholesterol increased the stability of liposomal drug products as drug carriers and reduced the permeability of drug across the liposomal membrane. The release rate of cytarabine increased with incubation temperature and decreased with cholesterol incorporation in liposomal membrane. The release mechanism of cytarabine from large unilamellar vesicles in vitro was chiefly due to simple diffusion across the liposomal membrane rather than liposomal rupture.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.191-191
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• 2000

The mechanism of the blowhole and the pit formation in lap-jointed fillet CO₂ arc welds of Zn-coated steel sheet was established by the direct observation of the gas behavior in the molten pool with the high speed camera system. Main conclusions obtained are as follows1) Some blowholes were formed by incomplete back-filling to the pits at the last stage of the solidification. This type of blowhole was formed through four stages of gas in the molten pool, incubation, explosion, back-filling and completion of back-filling stage.2) Most of the pits was back-filled at the last stage of their formation. (Received September 27, 1999)

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.64-68
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• 2000

The mechanism of the blowhole and the pit formation in lap-jointed fillet Co₂arc welds of Zn-coated steel sheet was established by the direct observation of the gas behavior in the molten pool with the high speed camera system. Main conclusions obtained are as follows: 1) Some blowholes were formed by incomplete back-filling to the pits at the last stage of the solidification. This type of blowhole was formed through four stages of gas in the molten pool, incubation, explosion, back-filling and completion of back-filling stage. 2) Most of the pits was back-filled at the last stage of their formation.