• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.2 s.74
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• pp.149-157
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify current housing status and housing awareness such as housing values, satisfaction, and preferences among households with one child. Data were obtained from a questionnaire completed by both husbands and wives living in metropolitan area and aged between 25 and 45. Selected variables were the age, education level, and employment status of housewives, ideal number of children, monthly income, plan to give birth, and so on. Using purposive sampling method, five hundred questionnaires were administered and 360 questionnaires were analyzed. In accordance with the questions related to housing values, housing satisfaction of respondents was examined. In order to compare the housing values, preferences, and satisfaction among diverse variables of respondents, mean, t-test, F test, Duncan's multiple range test, $x^2$ test, and factor analysis were used. The major findings of this study are as follows: First, there were significant differences in current housing type, tenure type, and floor area according to housewives' age, education level, monthly income, and plan to give birth. Interestingly, households not having a plan to give birth in the future were living in larger house than the households having a plan to give birth. Second, housing values of households with one child were divided into 4 factors-environmental comfort, economy and convenience, social status symbolism, and adequacy of space planning. Items related to privacy showed the biggest difference between housing values and housing satisfaction. Third, most of the respondents wanted larger house than current housing. However, the need for quality of housing including floor area and amenities was significantly higher among households not having a plan to give another birth than households having a plan to give birth in the future.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.515-521
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diet of children under the government-funded meal support program. The 143 children (67 boys and 76 girls) participated in this study among $4^{th}-6^{th}$ elementary school students receiving free lunches during the summer vacation of 2007 and living in Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea. The subjects consisted of four groups supported by Meal Box Delivery (n = 26), Institutional Foodservice (n = 53), Restaurant Foodservice (n = 27), or Food Delivery (n = 37). A three-day 24-hour dietary recall and a self-administered survey were conducted. In addition, the children's heights and weights were measured. The average energy intake of the children was 1,400 kcal per day, much lower than the Estimated Energy Requirements of the pertinent age groups. The results also showed inadequate intake of all examined nutrients; of particular concern was the extremely low intake of calcium. On average, the children consumed eight dishes and 25 food items per day. The children supported by Meal Box Delivery consumed more various dishes and food items than the other groups. The percentage of children preferring their current meal support method was the highest in those supported by Meal Box Delivery and the lowest in those supported by Food Delivery. We requested 15 children among the 143 children participating in the survey to draw the scene of their lunch time. The drawings of the children supported by Institutional Foodservice showed more positive scenes than the other groups, especially in terms of human aspects. In conclusion, the overall diet of children under the government-funded meal support program was nutritionally inadequate, although the magnitude of the problems tended to differ by the meal support method. The results could be utilized as basic data for policy and programs regarding the government-funded meal support program for children from low-income families.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2005

In order to investigate the differences in nutrient intakes and eating habits between people living alone and people living together with family or others by age group, dietary survey data of the subjects aged 20 years or older from 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. Living status of the subjects was defined as 'single' when the subjects' household member was one person. Age, gender, income, education were adjusted during the comparative analysis. The subjects living alone had diets with lower score of nutritional adequacy ratio and lower quality, and drank more alcoholic beverages when compared with the subjects living together. Females were more greatly affected in dietary intakes by living alone situation than males. Of the four age groups, a group with ages from 30 to 39 years showed less nutrient intake patterns in persons living alone than in persons living together, but the rest three groups with ages from 20 to 29, from 50 to 64, and 65 or older did not show any significant differences. Eating habits of the subjects living alone, such as skipping meals, kinds of snacks, dining-out, were worse as a whole than the other. In conclusion, single living particularly of females or of 30 to 39 years of age group had negative influences on dietary intakes and behavior. There may be statistical errors if socioeconomic and demographic factors such as age, gender, income, and education are not controlled in the population study investigating the effect of living alone on dietary intakes. Further studies will be needed to know the age-specific reasons for the worse nutrient intakes of single living persons.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.495-506
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• 2014

This study was conducted to measure the effect of a community-based nutritional intervention program on dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of low-income elderly women in Korea. The subject of the study was a group of 88 elderly women using the free meal service in Dong-gu, Gwangju city in Korea. The study was carried out from April to July 2009, and the pretest, application of nutrition education, and post-test were applied in each stage. This community-based nutrition intervention program consisted of snack supplement and nutrition education provided three times a week and 36 times in total. The nutrition education was led by the nutritionists and professionals using various educational media. Snack supplement included were milk, soymilk, carrot juice, bread, yogurt, and bananas. The result of pretest showed that the nutrient intakes of the subjects were much below the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) level of Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans. Comparison of the dietary behavior score and nutrient intakes before and after the nutritional intervention program indicated that the food behavior score increased from 3.1 to 5.6 (P<0.001) and intake of energy, protein, carbohydrate, thiamin, niacin, vitamin C, iron, and potassium of the subjects all increased significantly (P<0.05). Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of their nutrient intakes was also improved from 0.53 to 0.64 (P<0.01). These results indicated that the nutrition intervention program conducted in this study was effective in improving dietary behavior and nutrient intakes of elderly women in local community.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.102-114
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• 2002

This study was performed to assess the relationship between diet quality and general characteristics, stress, exercise habits, and nutritional knowledge score in the postmenopausal women. The data of dietary intakes were obtained using food frequency questionnaires which were collected from 151 postmenopausal women in urban area. Diet quality was assessed by INQ(index of nutritional quality), MAR(mean adequacy ratio), DDS(dietary diversity score), DVS(dietrary variety score), DQI(diet quality index). The results are summarized as follows. The mean age of the subjects was 59.9 years old. The means of height, weight, and BMI were 154.7cm, 57.2kg and 23.9 respectively. The subjects who did not exercise regularly were 70.9% and those who excercised at least once a week were 29.1%. The subjects who had regular meal time were 69.5% and those who ate breakfast regularly were 72.6%. More than 2/3 of subjects had regular eating behavior. Overall dict quality was significantly(p < 0.05) associated with INQ, MAR, DDS, DQI. However, there was no significant association between income level and diet quality. In conclusion, it would be beneficial to provide nutritional education included dietary diversity, dietary variety, dietary guideline, and adequate flood amount, to prevent chronic degenerative disease and maintain healthful life in the postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to investigate (1)the level of the urban housewives’behavior and satisfaction of wedding, (2)the influential factors related to the two dependent variables above mentioned. So that provides some fundamental materials to improve the level of sound wedding culture and the whole home living. The subjects were 356 housewives, in April, 1997, Seoul. The data obtained were analyzed by Mean, Pearson’s correlation, Stepwise Multiple Regression and Path Analysis. The major findings were as follows: 1) The general tendency of the housewives’wedding behavior and satisfaction was reasonable. 2) According to the background variables(ie: marital form, the existence of job, the recognition degree of her husband’s family’s living standards, the recognition degree of her parents’home’s living standards, the perception of marital transactions), the housewives’wedding behavior was significantly different. 3) According to (1)the background variables(ie: communication frequency in household, self-acceptance, the adequacy of household income, educational level), (2)intermediated variable(ie: articles essential to a marriage), the housewives’wedding satisfaction was significantly different. 4) The indirect variable of the positive influence for housewives’satisfaction of wedding was marital form, the existence of job. the indirect variable of the negative influence for housewives’satisfaction of wedding was the recognition degree of her husband’s family’s living standards, the recognition degree of her parents’home’s living standards, the perception of marital transfactions.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.327-339
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• 2021

This study examines the impact of bank restructuring on the financial performance of commercial banks in Vietnam. The data for this study was obtained from the audited financial statements of 30 Vietnamese commercial banks from 2007 to 2019. Multiple regression analysis was used for investigation. Financial performance, as evaluated by ROAA, ROEA, and NIM, is the dependent variable. Financial restructuring, ownership restructuring, and operational restructuring are the independent variables. Pooled least squares (Pooled OLS), fixed effects model (FEM), random effects model (REM), and system generalized moment regression model (System GMM) are the estimate methods used to increase the accuracy of the regression coefficient. The research results show that the variables of financial restructuring activities such as government intervention and the ratio of equity to total assets; variables of ownership restructuring such as capital adequacy ratio, privatization of state-owned commercial banks, mergers, and acquisitions; variables of operational restructuring such as employees, branches, the cost to total assets; GDP variables and the second restructuring period have a positive impact on financial performance. Variables such as debt-to-capital ratio, bad debt ratio, state ownership ratio, expense-income ratio, and inflation have a negative effect on financial performance.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.709-716
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• 2021

The main objective of this research is to find out the effect of Non-Performing Loan (NPL) of Nepalese conventional banks. The population of this study is major commercial banks in Nepal and the data obtained for this study was from the period 2015-2019. This research used secondary data and it is collected from each bank's annual report and GDP and Inflation taken from the World Bank database. The method used for data analysis in this study is multiple regression analysis. The study used NPL as a dependent variable and Return on Asset (ROA), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Bank Size, GDP growth, and Inflation as independent/explanatory variables. The result of this research shows that ROA, Bank Size, GDP, and Inflation have a significant effect on NPL but CAR does not have a significant effect on the NPL of banks. In other words, the GDP effect on NPL in this study shows a positive and significant effect while most studies show a negative effect. It demonstrates that when GDP growth increases, there is a significant increase in the growth of Nepalese banks even though there were no significant changes in income growth. Therefore, GDP growth has a positive and significant effect on the NPL of commercial banks. Thus, the bankers and policymakers need to consider GDP growth carefully while taking NPL-related decisions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.544-557
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• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate the quality of nutrient intakes of the hemodialysis patients (26 men and 23 women) according to the socioeconomic status by 3-day dietary recall in Daejeon city and Chungnam area, Korea. Mean age of the subjects was 50.7 yrs and BMI was 22.0 $\pm$ 0.4 kg/$m^2$. Education level was divided into two groups ($\leq$ 9 years： LE group, 9 years： HE group), and monthly family income level was divided into three groups (< 500,000 won: LI group, 500,000-1,499,999 won: MI group, $\geq$ 1,500,000 won : HI group). The data were analyzed by Student t-test and Oneway ANOVA using SPSS 9.0 version at p < 0.05 level. Intakes of energy, carbohydrates, cholesterol, potassium, thiamin and riboflavin were significantly higher in HE group than in LE group (p < 0.05). Intakes of all the nutrients except protein and phosphorus were less than Korean RDA, and INQs (Index of Nutritional Quality) of most nutrients were lower than 1.0 but cholesterol, phosphorus. thiamin and niacin being over 1.0 in HE group. MAR (Mean adequacy ratio) of all the nutrients (e.g., energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin) was significantly higher in HE group (0.61 $\pm$ 0.04) than in LE group (0.48 $\pm$ 0.03) at p = 0.036. Intakes of energy, protein (total, animal and plant), fat, cholesterol, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamin and riboflavin were also significantly higher in HI group than in LI and MI group (p < 0.05). Daily intakes of most nutrients were less than Korean RDA except protein ed phosphorus in HI poop, and INQs of thiamin, niacin and phosphorus were higher than 1.0, while those of calcium, iron, vitamin A and riboflavin were lower than 1.0. MAR of energy and 9 nutrients was significantly higher in HI group (0.70 $\pm$ 0.04) than in LI group (0. 56 0.04) and MI poop (0.47 $\pm$ 0.03) at p = 0.000. In conclusion, quality of nutrient intakes, especially energy and protein, was significantly influenced by socioeconomic status such as education and monthly income (p < 0.05). This result suggests that it would be very helpful to develop nutritional education programs considering hemodialysis patients' education levels, and to improve public supports (e.g., medical insurance system, low-rate lease system of dialysis equipments, etc.) focusing on the patients' family income levels f3r their better nutrition and health.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.485-501
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the biochemical characteristics and dietary intake of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years according to the frequency of milk consumption. Methods: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for the study. The study examined adolescents' (12~18 years) demographic characteristics (house income level, residence region, skipping or not-skipping of breakfast/lunch/dinner, eating-out frequency), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, weight status), biochemical characteristics (fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatine, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin, hematocrit) and nutrient intakes through quantitative and qualitative evaluation using the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRI), index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) of 3 groups (< 1/week, 1~6/week, ≥ 1/day) according to the frequency of milk consumption. Results: There were significant differences in gender and income levels among the 3 groups. There were no differences in height, weight, and weight status among groups. There were differences in biochemical characteristics and nutrient intake. In boys, there were differences in the mean of BUN and HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, potassium by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among 3 groups. In girls, there were differences in the mean of blood urea nitrogen, creatine, HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of protein, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among the 3 groups. Conclusions: In Korean adolescents, boys had a higher frequency of milk consumption than girls, and higher the income level, higher the frequency of milk consumption. Consumption of milk appeared to have a positive association with triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and indices related to muscle mass. Regular consumption of milk is an important factor in enhancing the intake of riboflavin, calcium, and phosphorus, which adolescents lack. The results of the study indicate a need to prepare an environment and education program to increase milk consumption in adolescents at home and school.