• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.57-89
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• 2008

Using the data of 'middle-and old-aged people' in the 6th year(2003) of KLIPS(Korea Labor and Income Panel Study), this study compared entirely retired men's income source and amount of income divided by the time of retirement and analyzed the determinants of main income source and amount of income level using Multinomial Logit Analysis and Tobit Analysis. The results of these were as following; First, Entirely retired men has average 1.27 income source and the amount of income from main income source is positioned at 85% of total income. This result indicates the lack of variety to get opportunities of income sources for the living and also means high risk associated with the entirely retired men if he looses the main income source. Second, most of income source of entirely retired men is spouse's earned income or private income transfers, however, if we divide those as timing of retirement and characters of each individual, it is represented that the most of income source is differentiated by the position at labor market during work life and the opportunity for building the wealth, and the possibility of obtaining public pension and public support. Third, the income level depends on what sort of income source the retired men has, this shows that there is not a strong relationship between obtaining a Income source and gaining above the certain level of income.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.67-82
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• 1999

The purpose of this study were to examine assets investment behavior of urban households and find the factors affecting it. The data were obtained from 442 households living in Seoul. The statistical techniques used for this study included descriptive statistecs, logistic regression, multiple regression. The major findings were as follows: First, The ownership of houehold assets were affected by age, education, total income, total income, total asset, the number of income source, income stability, the financial expectations, past financial experiences and the job of houehold head. Second, amount of household assets was affected by husband’s age, education, unearned income, total asset, income stability, the expectiation of future, the past financial experiences and the job of household head. Third, ratios of household assets were affected by age, education, unearned income, family size, the number of income source and the job of household head. The findings of this study can be used by financial counseling and planning practioners and education.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.700-709
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• 2016

This study examined the importance of the skin care source on the consumer's general characteristics (lifestyle, residential district and income). The questionnaire survey results showed that women in their twenties choose dermatologic clinics as the best source for skin care. The three-way ANOVA using three variables (lifestyle, residential district and income) showed notable differences between the dermatologic clinic, newspaper?magazine, family?friends, and internet sources. Some suggestions for a marketing strategy were made. For example, newspaper?magazine targeting high income consumers is a good means for dermatologic clinics in Seoul and the Internet is better than other sources for other industries in Daejon.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.763-779
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• 2015

This study estimate the adequate replacement rate of retirement income by income brackets and suggests roles of pension and non-pension income sources to achieve it for each income bracket. Priori research focused on elderly poverty; however, there has been little discussion about an adequate income level for retirement. We calculate an adequate income replacement rate separately for the poor, middle, and high income group as well as the average level of replacement rate for all groups. We also investigate the gap between the adequate income replacement rates and realized rates, and propose roles for each income source to curtail the gap. It is essential to recognize that the adequate income for retirement is unable to be met only by an annuity. To emove the gap, it is vital to utilize non-pension income although annuity is a primary source for retirement. Especially, the public and private pension plays a role to overcome poverty and live affluent in retirement, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.163-188
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• 2012

This study examines recent trends in income inequality among the elderly in Korea. Aggregate income inequality trends are explained by examining evidence from inequality index decomposition by population subgroup and by income source. Data come from Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS). The results are as follows. First, elderly income inequality increased from 1999 to 2002, and then decreased until 2008. Second, household composition changes appear to have disequalizing influence. The proportion of elderly people who are economically dependent on non-elderly family member or living with adult children has declined. Equalizing influence of private transfers also decreased between 2002 and 2008. These results indicate that the redistributive role of family has weakened over time. Third, the improvement of education level and changing occupational structure among the elderly household head contributed to increase in elderly income inequality. Fourth, earning's factor share has declined steadily, and the diminishing role of earnings provides equalizing influence on elderly income inequality from 2002 to 2008. Fifth, the impact of recent expansion of social insurance has changed over time. Inequality contribution of social insurance income increased from 1999 to 2002, and then decreased from 2002 to 2008.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.114-130
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• 1984

The structure of food demand is being changed according to the improvement of living standard. Moreover, the intake of animal protein is stepping up. This paper considers how much fresh-fish is consumed as source of animal protein and what extent fresh-fish have substitutive relation for meat with special reference to the change of income and price of fresh-fish and meat. And it is thought to be important work to estimate demand of fresh-fish in attemps to the prediction of food consume pattern and fishing industries in the future. For this estimation, the substitutive relation of fresh-fish and meat is essentially studied. The main conclusions of this study can be drawn as follows: 1. Fresh-fish and meat have substitutive relation on price axis. By the way, increase in demand of A (fresh-fish which have comparatively low price) can be expected according to the low of it's price against meat, but B (fresh-fish wihich have comparatively middle-high price) have peculiar demand without substitutive relation for meat. 2. Demand of A and B rise according to the income increases. 3. It is not sufficient to explain substutive relation of fresh-fish and meat without income variable. 4. Income increases bring about the more increase in demand of B than A. By the way, price increases bring about the decrease of it's consume expenditure, but A have fundamental demand as the source of animal protein. 5. In future, the intake of animal protein will step up. By the way, meat will occupy the more portion of the source of animal protein than fresh-fish.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.392-404
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of various income sources on income inequality of forestry households. Data from the Forestry Household Economy Survey from 2013-2016 were analyzed using the Gini coefficient decomposition method via income source. In particular, the income inequality analysis of forestry households was broken down into separate analyses based on group, i.e., the whole of forestry households and the five income quintile classes. The results of the analyses showed that income inequality of forestry households is primarily affected by forestry and nonforestry incomes and income quintile class. Moreover, income inequality of the highest income quintile class was largely affected by forestry income compared with other sources of income, whereas that of other income quintile classes was largely affected by nonforestry income. Therefore, in order to reduce income inequality in forestry households, it is necessary to increase the proportion of forestry income in the lower four quintile classes. Given that the income of the lowest quintile class is negative, it is necessary to devise ways to improve the proportion and quantity of forestry income. At the same time, as forestry income increases, a policy alternative is also required to improve inequality in forestry income.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.97-128
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• 2013

This paper analyzes the changing factors of income inequality by approaches to income sources focusing on the effect of husband-wife labor income relation and employment ratio change on income inequality. The level of contribution of income source to income inequality showed that the inequality of labor income between husband and wife(especially the husband's income) takes great importance. Also, the covariance of labor income of husband and wife showed growing trend and changed toward the same direction. As a result of the decomposition of the labor income covariance, it was found that the change in husband-wife employment ratio explained the covariance change better than the change in labor income inequality.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1171-1180
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• 2021

This study aims to investigate the impact of the multimarket contract on risk-adjusted profitability. Risk-adjusted profitability is measured in terms of risk-adjusted return on assets. This study employs dynamic panel data of 27 commercial banks in Vietnam using the GMM estimator to test the multimarket contact hypothesis in the Vietnamese banking sector. The results show that there is a negative impact of multimarket contact on the profitability of banks. Multimarket contact, deposit to asset ratio, non-interest income to total income, GDP growth rate, Worldwide Governance Indicator (WGI), and operating cost to assets are the major determinants of risk-adjusted profitability of commercial banks. Our main findings show that Vietnamese banks' focus to increase the multimarket contact may lead to lower profitability and there is evidence that supports theory predictions, since the average number of contacts among banks, bank size, and capitalization are positively related to risk-adjusted profitability. The study has policy implications for commercial banks in that they should not only focus on interest as a source of income and diversify their income source from non-interest income as well since it helps to improve risk-adjusted profitability for them.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.502-516
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• 2014

This study has decomposed the Gini coefficient using Korean Labor & Income Panel Study data and empirically analyzed the impact of demographic characteristics and source-specific income of householder on the household income gap using panel analysis. The scope of areas were divided into 'nationwide,' 'metropolitan areas,' and 'non-metropolitan areas,' and the period before and after the global financial crisis was examined. The analysis findings are as follows. First, when the entire period was examined by income source using Gini decomposition with division of areas into 'nationwide,' 'metropolitan areas,' and 'non-metropolitan areas', the following results were revealed. The absolute and relative contribution level of property income to the gross income was the largest in the category of 'nationwide' and 'metropolitan areas,' while the contribution level of earned income was the largest in the category of 'non-metropolitan areas'. In addition, property income worsened the household income gap the most in the category of 'nationwide' and 'metropolitan areas.' Second, property income worsened the household income gap less after the financial crisis than before the crisis. It is probably because the price of real estate skyrocketed before the global financial crisis, worsening the household income gap, whereas the price drop after the crisis temporarily alleviated the gap. Third, a correlation analysis revealed that households with older householders whose education is high school graduation or below had relatively low gross income, and households with higher source-specific income, especially earned income, had relatively high gross income. Fourth, when the household income determinants were compared through panel analysis with division of areas into 'nationwide,' 'metropolitan areas,' and 'non-metropolitan areas,' the following results were obtained. While the impact of earned income, financial income, and other incomes was greater in non-metropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas, the impact of property income was greater in metropolitan areas than in non-metropolitan areas. To reduce the income gap, the government should impose higher taxes on the high-income class and provide tax benefits to the low-income class, with efforts to create a wide variety of jobs. In addition, since income inequality gets worse as the proportion of incomes generated through asset holdings becomes higher, the government should focus on stabilizing property prices while paying attention to the regional differentiation when carrying out related policies.