• 호남수학학술지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.113-129
• /
• 2010

Inclusion and exclusion is used in many papers to count certain objects exactly or asymptotically. Also it is used to derive the Bonferroni inequalities in probabilistic area [6]. Inclusion and exclusion on finitely many types of properties is first used in R. Meyer [7] in probability form and first used in the paper of McKay, Palmer, Read and Robinson [8] as a form of counting version of inclusion and exclusion on two types of properties. In this paper, we provide a proof for inclusion and exclusion on finitely many types of properties in counting version. As an example, the asymptotic number of general cubic graphs via inclusion and exclusion formula is given for this generalization.

• 한국주거학회논문집
• /
• 제19권6호
• /
• pp.95-104
• /
• 2008

This study was to develop the indicators for understanding social inclusion exclusion of the dwellers living in permanent rental apartment, and to present a important base about priority order of national housing policy for social inclusion. The ultimate purpose of this study was to provide basic information for the development of permanent rental apartment renewal techniques. The first phase of the study was to review of the social inclusion exclusion indicators mentioned in the literature. The indicators of EU (2001, 2006), KIHASA (2005), and Jehoel-Gijsbers & Brooman (2007), which were applied in many studies about social inclusion, or included various items about dwellers' subjective attitudes, were selected to construct the framework for the study. On the basis of 3 kinds of indicators at the above, the dimensions of social inclusion exclusion were categorized as material deprivation and access to social rights in an economicstructural exclusion view, and social participation and cultural normative accommodations in a socio-cultural exclusion view. And then, the domains of social inclusion exclusion were decided as follows: income, employment, education service, housing, health, family networks and social networks. The detail contents of indicators were adopted from the prior studies as many as possible, and the dwellers' subjective attitudes and housing domains were intensified with reference to UN housing rights and the study of "residents' satisfaction of housing facilities living in permanent rental housing". The developed indicators were modified through the advisory committee that consist of the specialists from the various fields of studies. The final indicators that were overlapped or not able to be measured were eliminated, and added, in a housing domain, the standards of convenient facilities, the management condition, safety, location, crime and etc. in the apartment complex, which were required to complement in the advisory committee.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.33-45
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this article is to study characteristics of Soma Cube in combinatorial-geometric point of view, and to present basic substances and direction for efficient Soma cube activities in school mathematics upon systematical analysis of methods of finding solutions using Inclusion-Exclusion Method. We can apply Inclusion-Exclusion Method to find all possible solutions in Soma Cube activities not as trial-and-error method but as analytical method. Because Inclusion-Exclusion Method can reduce the number of problem-solving variables by making high conjunction in the choice of pieces. Soma cube pieces can be sorted as 'flat' ones and 'non-flat' ones, which would be another effective method in the manipulation of Soma Cube pieces.

• Asia Marketing Journal
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.45-64
• /
• 2019

A great deal of research has explored individuals' attempts to simplify choices by constructing a consideration set. This research aims to investigate which construction strategy, either inclusion or exclusion, is more likely to be adopted and how the adoption of a particular construction strategy can affect consideration set size while identifying the moderating role of chronic indecisiveness in the construction process. The findings of Study 1 indicate that individuals are more likely to adopt an inclusion strategy to reduce a consideration set to a more manageable size, and that an exclusion strategy results in a larger consideration set. In Study 2, the findings reveal that high-indecisiveness individuals are less likely than low-indecisiveness individuals to select an inclusion strategy, but that high-indecisiveness individuals adopting an inclusion strategy are able to reduce the number of alternatives in a consideration set to a manageable size on par with the size of a consideration set formed by low-indecisiveness individuals without elevating the level of perceived difficulty. The current research contributes to the stream of research on consideration set construction and indecisiveness, and offers useful practical implications for overcoming indecisiveness. Limitations and avenues for further research are also discussed.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.103-110
• /
• 2023

Financial inclusion is the safe and timely access of formal financial services to people at affordable costs. Various barriers of legacy financial system hinder the involvement of all segments of populations in the financial sector. The journey from financial exclusion to financial inclusion has to be achieved with the implementation of technological breakthroughs. Covid-19 has also raised the need for technology in all sectors of the economy. This research paper introduces the concept of intelligent financial inclusion which is the provision of financial services to people with the help of intelligent systems. This intelligent system will take the concepts from the human mind, cognitive sciences, and artificial intelligence tools and techniques. For achieving the optimal level of financial inclusion, economies must shift their financial sector from traditional means to intelligent financial systems. In this way, intelligent financial inclusion will achieve the target of involving all people in the financial sector.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.16-26
• /
• 1996

A.Satyanarayana와 다른이들은 [1.2.5]에서 domination이론을 사용하여 네트워크의 정확한 신뢰도 계산을 위한 새로운 topologic formel을 발견하였다. 이들은 이식을 통하여 그래프 G로 표현되는 어떤 시스템이나 네트워크의 신뢰도 계산을 위하여 path 또는 k-tree를 사용한 Inclusion-Exclusion식에 나타나는 항들(=2$^{m}$ -1, m은 path나 k-tree의 수)중 서로 소거되지 않는 항들은 그래프 G의 acyclic k-부분그래프(subgraph)와 1대 1로 상응되며, cyclic-과 k-부분그래프들에 상응되는 항들은 소거되어지거나 Inclusion-Exclusion식에 나타나지 않는 -결국 신뢰도계산에 필요없는- 항들임을 밝혔다. 이들은 이성질을 이용하여 그래프 G의 정확한 신뢰도계산을 위한 빠른 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 이 알고리즘은 결국 그래프 G의 path나 k-tree를 기초로 하는 Inclusion-Exclusion식에서 나타나는 항들중 소거되지 않는 항들에 1:1로 대응하는 acyclic k-subgraph만을 찾아 신뢰도계산을 할수있게 하여 준다. 이때 acyclic k-subgraph들은 각각의 domination을 갖으며, 이들은 Inclusion-Exclusion식에서 대응되는 항의 부호들의 합과 같다. 본 논문에서는 첫째로 신뢰도계산을 위하여 주어진 어떤 그래프 G에서 G를 구성하는 선(edge)을 기초로 하는 어떤 임의로 주어진 family M(G) (예: cutset이나 path, 또는 k-tree 등의 family)에 의한 (부분)그래프의 domination에 대한 성질을 관찰하고 몇가지 식을 유도한후, k-tree의 family K(G)를 기초로 한 어떤 그래프의 domination과 Inclusion-Exclusion식과의 관계를 고찰하고, 이식의 강력함과 응용의 가능성을 A. Satyanarayana의 topologic formel의 재증명을 통하여 보인다.

• 한국사회복지학
• /
• 제65권3호
• /
• pp.5-28
• /
• 2013

최근 사회적 포함에 대한 관심이 증대되면서 장애인의 사회적 포함에 대한 연구들도 적극적으로 수행되고 있다. 이에 장애인복지 영역에서 당사자들로 하여금 시민권자로서의 권리와 자원 등에 대한 동등한 접근성을 확보할 수 있도록 기존 패러다임의 재고, 새로운 관점 및 개념의 필요성 또한 제기된다. 사회적 포함의 관점이나 개념적 접근은 장애인들을 비롯한 사회적 약자들의 삶의 질 향상과 사회제반영역에 완전히 참여할 수 있도록 정책적 실천적 과제제안에 유용한 접근법으로 평가되고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구는 우선, 사회적 배제와 포함에 대한 이론적 고찰로부터 각 개념과 구성요소, 특성, 유용성 및 제한성 등 기본적인 이해를 도모하고자 노력하였다. 이를 기초로 장애인에 대해 사회적 포함이 어떻게 개념화 되는지 고찰하고, 그리고 장애인복지에서 사회적 포함의 개념적 접근이 갖는 의의에 대해 논의하였다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.800-823
• /
• 2004

본 논문은 한국에서 외국인 노동자들이 세계화의 추진과 관련된 조절의 과정 속에서 어떻게 주변화되고 '잊혀져'왔는지, 그리고 이러한 '잊어버림(forgetting)'의 정치가 어떻게 외국인 노동자들의 집단 거지주에 영향을 미쳤는지 살펴 보고자 한다. 보다 구체적으로 안산시 원곡동에 형성된 외국인 집단거주지를 대상으로, 첫째 안산으로의 외국인 노동자들의 급속한 유입과 원곡동에 노동자 거주지의 성장을 초래한 정치경제적, 지리적, 사회적 용인에 대해 살펴보고, 둘째로 어떻게 원곡동의 외국인 컴퓨니티의 성장이 세계화의 추진과 외국인 노동자의 도입과 관련하여 다양한 지리적 규모에서 나타나는 '배제(exclusion)'와 '포섭(inclusion)'의 정치적 과정 속에서 이루어지는지 알아보고자 한다. 이 사례 연구를 바탕으로, 본 연구는 세계화와 함께 나타나는 '배제'와 '잊혀짐'이 세계화 과정의 필연적 결과물이라고 보기 보다는, 세계화를 만들어내는 다양한 공간적 규모에서의 '조절' 과정 속에서, 다양한 이해와 사고들이 서로 상호작용하고 타협하는 과정 속에서 '배제'와 '포섭'의 행위들이 서로 복잡하게 섞이는 정치적인 과정의 결과로 이해하는 것이 보다 타당함을 주장한다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.121-135
• /
• 1999

This paper studies the problem of inverting minimal path sets to obtain minimal cut sets for complex system. We describe efficiency of inversion algorithm by the use of boolean algebra and we develop inclusion-exclusion algorithm and pivotal decomposition algorithm for reliability calculation of complex system. Several examples are illustrated and the computation speeds between the two algorithms are undertaken.

• 대한수학회지
• /
• 제42권6호
• /
• pp.1187-1203
• /
• 2005

Let g(2n, l, d) be the number of general cubic graphs on 2n labeled vertices with l loops and d double edges. We use inclusion and exclusion with two types of properties to determine the asymptotic behavior of g(2n, l, d) and hence that of g(2n), the total number of general cubic graphs of order 2n. We show that almost all general cubic graphs are connected. Moreover, we determined the asymptotic numbers of general cubic graphs with given connectivity.