• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.21-27
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• 2015

Due to the population growth and development of industry, waste from household and industries has increased. As the advanced countries experienced these problems, they have already started research on recycling methods of waste incineration ashes. Domestic recycling rate of incineration ash became up to 80 percent as high as the level of developed countries, but the recycling was limited to fly ash for admixture in concrete. In case of bottom ash, most of bottom ash was reclaimed in the landfills. Therefore, basic physical property and mechanical experiments for bottom ash were conducted in this study to evaluate the possibility of incineration bottom ash as an alternative construction materials. Bottom ashes from three different landfills with two different incineration methods were tested. Incineration methods are Stoker type Incinerator and Pyrolysis-Melting Treatment. Bottom ash can be used as an alternative granular material for construction based on the basic physical property and mechanical characteristics similar to those of sandy materials. However, the incineration method should be considered since it can affect the material and mechanical characteristics of the incineration bottom ash.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.55-62
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• 2010

This is an experimental research in order to judge the applicability of sewage sludge incineration ash having applied the mixing proportion needed to manufacture bricks and to do plaster work with addition of hwangtoh and slaked lime as a part of the methods for utilizing the wastes produced from sewage sludge incineration ash. Based on the results from experiment and analysis, it is judged that, in case of mixing proportion of 1:2 for the purpose of plastering and masonry work, the cement mortar produced by using a 10% addition ratio of sewage sludge incineration ash with mixture of hwangtoh covering all range of addition ratio, and also the cement mortar produced by using a 20% of sewage sludge incineration ash together with 0% and 10% addition ratio of hwangtoh, was possible to be applied to the practical use. In case of mixing proportion of 1:7 for manufacture of bricks and blocks, if such brick and block products are produced with 10% and 20% addition ratio of sewage sludge incineration ash having added aggregate fines or stone dust that has been actually used in brick and block manufacturing, it is judged that these bricks and blocks could be practically used in the job sites, although strength development is a little bit lower.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2008

The treatment of domestic municipal solid waste has inclined to incineration process instead of disposal in landfills. So, the amount of ash generated by incineration of municipal solid waste is gradually increased. The incineration ash divides into bottom ash and fly ash. The bottom ash which accounts for about 90% of the incineration ash consists of ceramics, glasses and metals. And it can be used as the recycling product by the stabilization process. For example, the bottom ash is used as secondary building material or for other similar purposes such as road sub-bases and noise barrier in USA, Europe and Japan. But, the stabilization-treatment technique of bottom ash sti11leaves much to be desired in Korea. Thus, the domestic study of recycling about bottom ash must be improved through investigation about the chemical property and technique of stabilization.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.69-74
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• 2002

Incineration method of municipal solid waste is the general method for reduction it's quantity and weight. Municipal solid waste incineration ash is classified two general types of ash : fly ash((MWFA) and bottom ash(MWBA)). MWFA containing a high degree heavy-metal may give rise to a serious environmental trouble. Therefore, this study was carried out to examine utilization of fly ash. In this study, we tried to find the recycling method of fly ash as a environmental-friendly artificial aggregate. The artificial aggregate using fly ash was tested for the various aspects, including physical properties and environmental stability. The qualities of artificial aggregate are similar to it of lightweight aggregate, and the heavy metal leaching concentration are very lower than a limitation of KSLT and EP.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.E2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2006

This pilot study focuses on emissions characterization of air pollutants produced from incineration of some municipal solid wastes (MSWs). The MSWs incinerated by an electric furnace maintained up to $600^{\circ}C$ included food, paper, and plastic wastes. The pollutants analyzed in this study included concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), bottom ash contents, and heavy metals extracted from the bottom ash of each waste. The VOCs identified were classified based on their chemical structure. The total emissions of VOCs produced from incineration of the papers were identified as the highest followed by those from the plastics and the food wastes. Aliphatic alkenes were major VOC compounds produced from incineration of plastic or food wastes, while furans were major VOCs produced from incineration of papers. The second major VOCs produced from incineration of food, plastics, and papers were aromatics. In particular, hazardous air pollutants such as benzene were produced with considerable amount of emission concentration. The bottom ash contents of papers were usually much higher than those of food or plastic wastes. The bottom ash contents produced from incineration of food and plastics were much lower than those of other MSWs. In analysis of heavy metals extracted by an ultrasonic method from the bottom ashes of the papers, high concentrations of heavy metals were identified from incineration of newspapers and box (cardboard). In addition, it was identified that the general public might be exposed to considerable amounts of lead concentrations during incineration processes and uses of paper cup and from ashes.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.573-580
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• 2003

In Taiwan there are 21 Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWI) built to treat 80% of the MSW nationwide. Approximately 2,000 tons of incineration ashes of municipal waste contain reaction ash and fly ash (3:1 by weight)will be produced daily, and this may cause a serious waste problem. According to EPA regulations, reaction ash and fly ash produced after incineration should be properly treated. Landfill capacity barely meets the general demands. More efficient actions should be planned and taken. The study found 'reclamation' should be the optimal solution to this problem. Only limited research and previous successful experiences are available among other countries. An incinerator in Northern Taiwan is chosen for this study to make environmental bricks from the reaction ash and fly ash. From the previous tests, the results of strength test were measured. From the previous test results, the fly ash products have not reached the desired strength; hence, reaction ash is chosen for further pilot study. In the experiment, incineration ashes, cement and gravel are mixed in the ratio of 1:1:1(by weight), to ground concretization aggregate and pelletization aggregate, the concrete products made from the aggregates were of the strength of 108 $kgf/cm^2$ and 142 $kgf/cm^2$ individually. For the purpose of making nonstructural walls which met the State Building Standards. In the study, 50 tons of concrete products was yielded from aggregate and environmental bricks. Further observation and supervision are recommended to ascertain the resource recycling and reclamation. EPA has planned to build three 'Recycling Plants' in northern, middle and southern Taiwan to develop efficient techniques to produce concrete products, sub-base course, soundproofing wall, gravel, artificial fishing reefs, tiles, drainage, bricks and etc. This experiment of the demonstrative plant solves the problem of the incineration ashes and opens another opportunity to reclaim them.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.335-344
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• 2014

The Quality of municipal solid waste incineration ash (incineration ash) was analyzed for the purpose of the reusing for concrete material. The folwability and strength properties of concrete mixed with incinerator ash were investigated. CaO component was included more than 50% in chemical component of incinerator ash, mean size of 50% accumulated particle distribution of incinerator ash was about $25{\mu}m$. Particle shape of incinerator ash ($IA_1$) was massed the round shape with fine particle, particle shape of incinerator ash ($IA_2$) was piled up the sheet shape according to manufacture procedure. The Quality of concrete was effected by use of incinerator ash. When the incinerator Ash ($IA_2$) was used, slum of concrete was increased and dosage of high range water reducing agent was reduced. However, strength development of concrete was decreased. Dosage of high range water reducing agent was increased by combined use of incinerator ash ($IA_2$) and diatomite powder, but strength development of concrete was improved. Ratio of compressive strength and tensile strength was in the range 85%~105% of CEB-FIP model code.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.86-95
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• 2006

This study was carried out to estimate leaching characteristics of incineration residues from municipal solid waste incinerators, and determine organic compounds in raw ash, leaching water and leaching residue. A total of 44 organic compounds, which were analyzed by GC/MSD and identified by wiley library search, were contained in bottom ashes. A total of 17 organic compounds were contained in fly ashes. Bottom ash and fly ash were found to contain a wide range of organic compounds such as aliphatic compounds and aromatic compounds. Organic compounds such as Ethenylbenzene, Benzaldehyde, 1-Phenyl-Ethanone and 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester were detected in raw ash, leaching water and residues (from bottom ash). Organic compounds such as Naphthalene, Dodecane, 1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene, Tetradecane, Hexadecane and Pentachlorobenzene were detected in raw ash, leaching water and residues (from fly ash). Through the leaching characteristics of incineration residue, it was represented that the open dumping of incineration residue can contaminate the soil and undergroundwater. In order to prevent environmental contamination that derived from extremely toxic substances in the incineration residues, it is particularly important that the incineration residues should be treated before disposal the incineration residues. Further study and proper management about leaching characteristics of organic compounds might be required.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2009

To design and construct a moving bed stoker incinerator for incineration treatment of the domestic oil fly ash, operating condition and moving bed area of incinerator were determined by performing incinerate experiment of the oil fly ash in the muffle furnace which simulates moving bed stoker incinerator in all conditions. Incineration process of the oil fly ash could be divided into 3 stages, every stage needs the appropriate operating condition for effective incineration. The optimum content of water in the heavy oil fly ash was found to be 20 wt% to prevent the ash from flying and reduce the volume. Science combustion rate of oil fly ash depends on the oxygen content, the incinerator must have a equipment to control the oxygen content in the combustion air. The optimum temperature was $750{\sim}800^{\circ}C$ in order to prevent adhesion to the stocker and evaporation of metal compounds of low melting point. Uniform combustion reaction and acceleration of combustion rate required agitation during the combustion of oil fly ash. The incineration rate was $12.53kg/m^2hr$ and the working area of moving bed incinerator was found to be $60m^2$ to incinerate 18 tons of oil fly ash per day.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.10 no.S_2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2001

The solidification and leaching characteristics of cyclone ash collected from an industrial incineration plant were investigated. Cement and calcium hydroxide were used as the solidifying materials. The leaching characteristics of the solidified cyclone ash were found to vary depending on both the quantitative and the qualitative aspects of the solidifying materials. Except for copper and lead, all the heavy metal ions in the leachate of the solidified material composed of 10~20 % cement or 10~20 % calcium hydroxide were found to be within their standard limit. Moreover, all the heavy metal ions were also observed to be within satisfactory limits in the leachate obtained from the solidified material composed of 30 % cement or 30 % calcium hydroxide. Therefore, to satisfy the standard compressive intensity and permissible limits of heavy metal ions leached from solidified material, it would appear that a 30 % proportion of either additive in the solidification product can meet the required standard for the leachate. The cost of solidifying cyclone ash per ton for ash-30 % cement and ash-30 % lime was calculated as 26,750 and 26,070 won, respectively. Accordingly, significant reduction in the waste toxicity and mobility as well as an improvement in the engineering properties of the solidified products were successfully achieved.