• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.1-24
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• 2020

This study aims to analyze the export effects of Korea-Canada FTA's tariff reduction, which was launched on January 1, 2015. First, as a groundwork, this study reviewed trade creation and trade diversion by investigating all possible cases of both initial FTA and additional FTA. The review was done by using the simple model of three countries assuming FTA means elimination of tariff. The review suggested that additional FTA doesn't have any negative impact on import country's social welfare contrary to initial FTA. In additional FTA, Trade diversion could happen between FTA partner countries, but it always increases import country's social welfare. In this sense, it can be called favorable trade diversion. Second, this study analyzed the export effects of Korea-Canada FTA using Clausing's product level model based on Canadian government import data from Korea which is not open to the public. It turned out that Korea-Canada FTA's tariff reduction boosted Canadian import growth rate from Korea. On the other hand, Canadian import growth rate from rest of the world was not negatively affected by Korea-Canada FTA's tariff reduction. Rather, it increased as Canadian import growth rate from Korea was higher. These findings implied trade creation rather than trade diversion of Korea-Canada FTA when it comes to Korea's export to Canada.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.66-80
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• 2009

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the present circumstances of internal marketing in domestic apparel-import company and study if the internal marketing activities in import apparel company have a significant effect on salespersons' job satisfaction. As a preliminary investigation, the interviews with 6 expert salespersons of imported apparel company were taken to develop a practical measuring tool. As a result, 21 categories which effect on internal marketing and 6 factors which influence on job satisfaction were extracted. Next, a survey with the salespersons who work in apparel-import company was taken, and 186 collected data were used in this study. To analyze the data, factor analysis, frequency analysis, and multiple regression analysis are executed by a statistics package, SPSS v12.0. The results are as follows. First, five factors which effect on internal marketing activities in have been identified as welfare, incentives, employment & training, communication, empowerment. Among them, four factors of welfare, incentives, employment & training, and communication have been come out as statistically significant factors which influenced on salesperson's job satisfaction. Second, the internal marketing activities of import apparel company according to salesperson's demographic factors - payment, working periods, and marriage have been demonstrated significant difference on salespersons' job satisfaction. When the marriage is examined, the job satisfaction of the single mostly depends on incentives while that of the married does on welfare. On the consideration of working periods, the less does the group have working experience, the more does it have a dependence on incentives. On the other hand, the group which has much payment and experience mostly relies on welfare. The middle class show to be dependent on communication and employment&training as well as welfare and incentives.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.3-25
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• 2014

The megatrends of the Korean distribution industry market in 2014 reflect opportunities in parallel import & overseas direct purchase. Korean government addressed that "Monopoly & Oligopoly consumer goods import improvement plan" to stabilizing importing goods prices and domestic consumers' burden relief through accelerating market competition. and moreover it is to improving distribution channel and promoting parallel import market business. The Korean market is very unique in that consumers' real sensory index of open up importation effect level is low, but nominal open up importation effect level is high. This is due to difficulties in creating a proper importing goods distribution market and alternative importing routes are very rare. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the market situation and parallel import to improve Korean government's "Monopoly & Oligopoly consumer goods import improvement plan" policy for the revitalization of the domestic market economy and to boost up a new growth engine industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2002

In this paper, the selection of transport route for import-export container cargo based on the sacrifice model and CO₂ emission was investigated. At first, the transportation of import-export container cargo, the transport share of each transport route, the CO₂ gas emission, the sacrifice model and the time value of import-export container cargo were investigated. And next, the selection of transport route based on the sacrifice model was investigated for the transport of import-export container cargo from Seoul to Pusan Port. Finally, the transport route was also selected by using the sacrifice model including the effect of CO₂ emission. The research results show that the transport route selection results of import-export container cargo based on the sacrifice model represents the present status of the transportation of import-export container cargo very well. And also the research results show that the reduction of transport time was very effective to increase the share of coastal transportation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.496-505
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the economic effects of a flame retardant aluminum screen developed by a company Economic effects were analyzed in terms of micro and macro-economic aspects. In the macro-economic aspect, economic effects were analyzed under the assumptions that the total import volume of flame retardant aluminum screen was approximately $50m^2$ in 2015 and that possible import substitution rates were 100%, 80%, and 60%. Results showed economic values of 2.25 billion won (100% import substitution rates), 1.8 billion won (80% import substitution rates), and 1.35 billion won (60% import substitution rates). If existing farms which had been using imported flame retardant aluminum screen replaced it newly developed with the flame-retardant aluminum screen developed in this study at rates of 100%, 80%, and 60%, the farms could save 750 million won, 60 million won, and 45 million won, respectively. Furthermore, the social cost savings from fire prevention could be 1.184 billion won. In the micro-economic aspect, if a farm with a typical-size ($1,000m^2$) greenhouse growing red pepper wanted to install flame retardant aluminum screen instead of generic aluminum screen, the farm may only pay an additional cost of 720,000 won. In comparison, if the farm chose fire insurance instead of flame-retardant aluminum screen, then the farm would pay 21,000,000 won for fire insurance. The above results show that the economic effect of flame retardant aluminum screen developed by the company would be be very efficient compared to the imported one.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.75
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• pp.95-116
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• 2017

The global financial crisis has slowed overall growth in the global economy. In addition, uncertainty is increasing in the world economy due to the Trade protectionism, sluggish world trade, and a rise in the rate of interest caused by expansion of fiscal spending by major countries. In this study, we analyzed various factors affecting the container import and export volume, which has a high correlation with export and import of commodities in international trade. In particular, we will examine how exchange rate fluctuations and domestic and overseas economic conditions affect container imports and exports. For the empirical analysis, monthly time series data were used from January 2000 to January 2017. We use the Error Correction Model (VECM) for the empirical analysis and the GARCH model for the exchange rate fluctuation. As a result, container export and import volume had a negative relationship with exchange rate and exchange rate volatility, which had a positive effect on domestic and international economic conditions. However, the effects are different before and after the financial crisis.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.52-67
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• 2019

Purpose - This study analyzes the effect of the authorized economic operator-mutual recognition arrangement (AEO-MRA) on the performance of Korean exporters and importers. The effect of the import-export companies' characteristics, such as annual sales, the number of foreign markets, and overseas experience, on the AEO-MRA is deduced; the relationship between this effect and firm performance is analyzed. Design/methodology - An empirical research model was constructed and analyzed using structural equation modeling. The effect of AEO-MRA on logistics and operational performance was derived from the aforementioned characteristics as leading factors of the AEO-MRA. The regulatory influence of cooperation with logistics companies was analyzed in the AEO-MRA effect on logistics performance. Thus, 172 valid samples were obtained from import-export companies certified by the AEO-MRA. Findings - Among the aforementioned characteristics, only "annual sales" has a positive effect on the AEO-MRA, whose effect enhances logistics and operational performances. The AEO-MRA effect did not directly affect operational performance. Owing to the adjustment effect analysis, the AEO-MRA effect and logistics performance relationship is strengthened if the cooperative relationship with the logistics company is higher than a certain level. If this cooperation falls below a certain level, the AEO-MRA effect on logistics performance reduces. Thus, logistics cooperation is an important factor in the AEO-MRA effect and logistics performance relationship. Originality/value - Hinging on the resource-based theory and relational viewpoint, an empirical model that explains the relationship between the AEO-MRA effect and firm performance is established.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2024

Purpose: In the era of global economic integration, China's doors of openness have widened, leading to increasingly frequent economic and trade exchanges between countries. Exchange rates, as a crucial economic lever for regulating foreign markets, play a vital role in the balanced development of a nation's international trade. Therefore, the relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and foreign trade has garnered widespread attention. Research design, data and methodology: This study utilizes import and export trade data between China and five ASEAN countries from 1998 to 2019. It employs regression analysis to examine the specific impact of the real effective exchange rate of the Renminbi on China's import and export trade with these ASEAN nations. Results: The empirical analysis yields the following conclusions: Firstly, the real effective exchange rate of the Renminbi exhibits a long-term stable relationship with China's import and export trade with the five ASEAN countries. Renminbi appreciation contributes to an increase in export trade volume but is detrimental to import trade. While this conclusion may deviate from classical trade theories, it aligns with the practical realities of China's foreign trade. Secondly, the coefficients before Gross Domestic Product (GDP) all display positive values, indicating that the growth of total economic demand has a stimulating effect on China's import and export trade.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.349-361
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• 2008

There has been abundant empirical research undertaken on the technical efficiency of Korean ports. Most studies have focused on the use of parametric and non-parametric techniques to analyse overall technical efficiency. This paper utilizes data for the period 2000-07 to offer a heterogeneous perspective on the overall efficiency of Korean ports. The framework assumes that ports use one input to produce one output; the output and input include port export(import) and regional export(import). This paper also employs panel analysis and heteroscedastic Tobit model to show the effect of the explanatory variables on the port efficiencies. The panel analysis shows that the regional export/total export has negative effect on the export efficiency while the regional import/total import has not any relations with the import efficiency. The heteroskedastic Tobit model shows that both regional export ratio and regional import ratio have negative effects on the efficiency while the gross regional domestic product has not any significant relations with the import efficiency.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.109-126
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• 2019

Import refusals can be considered a new method of non-tariff barriers. This study aims to analyze reputation spillover effects on fish and fishery products imported from ASEAN countries to the U.S. FDA. The supply of aquatic products is not stable due to various factors such as reduction of fish stocks and climate change. Fish is a basic food ingested directly, but there are many ways to control the safety of aquatic products. ASEAN countries account for about 20% of U.S.imports in fish and fishery products. For Southeast Asian countries, fish and fishery products comprise a high proportion of exports revenue. Despite the large share of exports to the U.S., Southeast Asia countries have been receiving many import refusals from the United States. In this study, a theoretical model for examining import refusals is suggested using the negative binomial counting process. The reputation spillover effect, was divided into two spillover effects of 'neighbor reputation' and 'sector reputation'. Results show that there exists a neighbor reputation spillover effect. It can be said if there was a import refusal of the same product from neighboring countries in the preceding year, the home country have a possibility to experience import refusals of the same product. Therefore, it is interpreted that neighboring countries have good standard compliance can help home countries to effectively reach the target markets. Our findings have a important policy implication for ASEAN exporters of fish and fishery products.