• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.1087-1094
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• 2005

The uptake of glucose for metabolism and growth is essential to most animal cells and is mediated by glucose transport protein. In the glucose transport protein family, GLUT4 plays a key role in cellular glucose uptake stimulated by insulin in skeletal muscles and adipose tissue in rodents and human. In this studies, we reported the identification, characterization, and expression of Hanwoo GLUT4 gene. The Hanwoo GLUT4 cDNA includes a 1527 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 509 amino acids. The GLUT4 amino acid sequences of the Hanwoo show strong conservation with the corresponding sequences reported in other species. The highest mRNA expression of GLUT4 was detected in heart and lower expression was detected in rib meat, sirloin, and colon. We confirmed the expression of GLUT4 in the subcutaneous and small intestinal adipose tissue using RT-PCR. To investigate the expression of GLUT4 in the bovine intramuscular adipose differentiation, fibroblast-like cells were isolated from the sirloin of Hanwoo bull aged 12 months by collagenase digestion of minced tissue and cultured with activators of PPAR gamma. We identified that GLUT4 mRNA expression decreased during differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocyte in Korean cattle. These results indicated that function of GLUT4 in bovine adipose tissue was different from that of mouse and human.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.89-116
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• 2008

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is regarded as a core technology of ubiquitous computing. Although it has some technical limitations such as technological standardization of RFID tags as well as economical limitations, many companies around the world have already accepted RFID to improve their management efficiency. In this regard, this study is to meet with results that the adoption of RFID technology willbring opportunities that companies' operational process are improved and customer satisfaction is highly strengthened. This research focuses on providing more understanding for building RFID marketing strategy to suppliers who want to sell their RFID products to customers through analyzing purchasing process. The findings are as follows; First, the study shows that buying center members usually take product reliability and precision of technical specification in the case of new-task buying situation while they put their first purchasing priority on prices in the straight rebuy. Second, the finding presents that in new-task buying situation and the straight rebuy purchasing personnel get information about new products through product performance test, organizational engineers, opinions from other companies' purchasing personnel, and checking out samples. Third, this research demonstrates when it comes to purchasing risk in their first purchasing, the persons who are in charge of material purchasing are inclined to be aware of the risk most in technical problems, followed by financial problems and time delay problems in order. And in addition to those risks are mentioned above, once-again-purchasers take the risk like an opportunity loss for better products into consideration. Fourth, the study shows that the role of concerning departments makes no difference in each purchasing stage. Accordingly marketers need to beef up the differentiated strategy to persuade their customers Fifth, the findings of this study demonstrate that purchasing decision making is much influenced by the final users. So suppliers are supposed to perform the most active marketing strategy at the first stage of purchasing through various resources. Finally, the study presents that the suppliers who will have had close relationships with their customers need to give consistent information to them so that their customers can have lower motive in purchasing products from competitors.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.305-313
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• 2016

Brassica juncea (2n = 4x = 36, AABB genome, 1,068 Mb) is a U's triangle species and an amphidiploid derivative of B. rapa and B. nigra. Fifteen varieties were used to study the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) regions of ribosomal DNA and MITEs (miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements) with a view of developing specific molecular markers. ITSs and MITEs are an excellent resource for developing DNA markers for genomics and evolutionary studies because most of them are stably inherited and present in high copy numbers. The ITS (ITS1 and ITS2) sequence was compared with the consensus sequence of B. rapa and B. nigra. Variation in ITS1 created two separate groups among 15 varieties, with 10 varieties in one group and 5 in the other. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major clusters for those 10 and 5 varieties. Among the 160 different MITE primers used to evaluate the selected 15 varieties of B. juncea, 70 were related to the Stowaway, 79 to the Tourist, 6 to the hAT, and 5 to the Mutator super-families of MITEs. Of 160 markers examined, 32 were found to be polymorphic when fifteen different varieties of B. juncea were evaluated. The variety 'Blackgat' was different from the other mustard varieties with respect to both phenotype and genotype. The diversity of 47 additional accessions could be verified using eight selected molecular markers derived from MITE family sequences. The polymorphic markers identified in this study can be used for varietal classification, variety protection, and other breeding purposes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.753-762
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• 2008

The primers for RT-PCR and RACE-PCR were designed by aligning the pig genomic sequence and the human complement factor B(CFB) coding sequence(CDS) from the GenBank. Each PCR product was amplified in pig cDNA and sequencing was carried out. The CDS length of pig CFB gene was determined to be 2298 bp. In addition, the pig CDS was more longer than human and mouse orthologs because of insertion and deletion. The identities of porcine nucleotide sequences with those of human and mice were 84% and 80%, and the identities of amino acids were 79% to 77%, respectively. Three complement control protein(CCP) domains, one Von Willebrand factor A(VWFA) domain and a serine protease domain, that are revealed typically in mammals, were found in the pig CFB gene. Based on the CDSs determined, the primers were designed in intron regions for amplification of entire length of exons. In amplification and direct sequencing with genomic DNAs of six pig breeds, three cSNPs(coding single nucleotide polymorphisms) were identified and verified as missense mutations. Using the Multiplex-ARMS method, we genotyped and verified the mutations identified from direct sequencing. To demonstrate recrudescence, we performed both direct sequencing and Multiplex-ARMS with two randomly selected DNA samples. The genotype of each sample exhibited the same results using both methods. Therefore, three cSNPs were identified from pig CFB gene and that can be used for haplotype analysis of the swine leukocyte antigen(SLA) class III region. Moreover, the results indicate that the Multiplex-ARMS method should be powerful for genotyping of genes in the SLA region.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.352-359
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• 2005

Uncertainty involved during determination of vitamin C content in infant formula was quantified by indophenol titration method. Uncertainty sources in measurand, such as purity, weight, final volume of standard, volume of standard solution used for titration, sample weight, final volume of sample, extraction solution used for titration, titration of extraction solution and standard solution by indophenol solution were identified and used as parameters for combined standard uncertainty based on Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) and Draft EURACHEM/CITAC Guide. Uncertainty parameters of each source in measurand were identified as resolution, reproducibility and stability of chemical balance, standard material purity, repeatability, reproducibility, end point of titration, 1 mL pipet, 5 mL autopipet, and 100 mL mass flask. Each uncertainty component was evaluated by types A and B and included to calculate combined uncertainty. Analytical test result for traceability under laboratorial conditions using Certified Reference Material (CRM) test was certified as $108.4{\pm}1.7mg/100g$, which was within CRM certification range of $114.6{\pm}6.6mg/100g$. Uncertainty test result of vitamin C content of 5 g sampling was $56.7{\pm}2.44mg/100g$. Uncertainty could be reduced by identification of uncertainty sources and components related with vitamin C determination by indophenol titration method and by decreasing uncertainty sources and components.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 1999

This study was aimed at the investigation of the possibility of the addition of lactic acid bacteria as "starter"for the preparation of radish juice. Forty strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from dongchimi that was fermented by a traditional method. The isolates were assorted into 5groups, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides (J-9), Lacobacillus brevis (J-12), Lactobacillus fermentum (J-7), Lactobacillus sake (J-20), and Lactobacillus plantarum (J-39). Leuconostoc mesenteroides was predominated in the sample of dongchimi with frequency of 52.5%. Each of the strain, which exhibited the beat growth in the species, was selected in the 5species, and investigation of the fermentation characteristcis was carried out. The fermentation were performed for 9 days at 25${\circ}C$ after the inoculation of 0.3% ($10^{6}$ cfu/㎖) to each ultra-filtrated radish juice. The pH, total acidity, content of non-volatile organic acids were examined during the fermentation period. Lactobacillus plantarum showed the highest growth rate and the growth rate of Lactobacillus sake was the lowest. The pH (6.3-6.36) and total acidity (0.09-1.0 %) fo the ultrafiltrated radish juice before fermentation were changed to 3.2-4.3 and 0.65-1.2% after 9days, respectively. The changes of the pH and total acidity were related with the growth of the lactic acid bacteria; the better growth of lactic acid bacteria, the more rapid decrease of pH and increase of the total acidity. when the amount of non-volatile organic acids were estimated during fermentation, citric acid, malic acid, malonic acid, and succinic acid were decreased in all cases. However, the content of lactic acid increased with the progression of fermentation. L. mesenteroides (J-9), L. brevis (J-12) and L. fermentum (J-7) were chosen for the candidates of the starter for the lactic fermentation of radish juice based on the biochemical analysis and sensory evaluation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.641-648
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• 2008

There has been great success for making transgenic animals using somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT) up to this time. However, the success rates of the production of live transgenic animals are still very low. The current research has been carried out for delineation of differentially expressed genes between SCNT and normal placenta in cattle. In the present observations, high expression has been observed for CTSZ, LOC509426 and ELF1 genes in normal placenta. On the other hand, TIMP2, PAG1B, PAG-21, LOC782894, SERPINB6 and mKIAA2025 protein were highly expressed in SCNT placenta. Five genes, which were highly expressed in SCNT placenta, have been further investigated using semi-quantitative real-time PCR. The results were similar to that we observed using ACP. In the future, all genes affecting the SCNT and normal placenta have to be discovered and their networks will be fully investigated. The genes were identified in this study would be great help for identifying differential gene expressions in SCNT placenta.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.119-131
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• 2016

Descriptions are provided of the automated aerosol-type classification and mass concentration calculation algorithm for real-time data processing and aerosol products in Korea Aerosol Lidar Observation Network (KALION, http://www.kalion.kr). The KALION algorithm provides aerosol-cloud classification and three aerosol types (clean continental, dust, and polluted continental/urban pollution aerosols). It also generates vertically resolved distributions of aerosol extinction coefficient and mass concentration. An extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) of 63.31 sr and aerosol mass extinction efficiency of $3.36m^2g^{-1}$ ($1.39m^2g^{-1}$ for dust), determined from co-located sky radiometer and $PM_{10}$ mass concentration measurements in Seoul from June 2006 to December 2015, are deployed in the algorithm. To assess the robustness of the algorithm, we investigate the pollution and dust events in Seoul on 28-30 March, 2015. The aerosol-type identification, especially for dust particles, is agreed with the official Asian dust report by Korean Meteorological Administration. The lidar-derived mass concentrations also well match with $PM_{10}$ mass concentrations. Mean bias difference between $PM_{10}$ and lidar-derived mass concentrations estimated from June 2006 to December 2015 in Seoul is about $3{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$. Lidar ratio and aerosol mass extinction efficiency for each aerosol types will be developed and implemented into the KALION algorithm. More products, such as ice and water-droplet cloud discrimination, cloud base height, and boundary layer height will be produced by the KALION algorithm.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.257-282
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• 2008

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is regarded as a core technology of ubiquitous computing. Although it has some technical limitations such as technological standardization of RFID tags as well as economical limitations, many companies around the world have already accepted RFID to improve their management efficiency. In this regard, this study is to meet with results that the adoption of RFID technology willbring opportunities that companies' operational process are improved and customer satisfaction is highly strengthened. This research focuses on providing more understanding for building RFID marketing strategy to suppliers who want to sell their RFID products to customers through analyzing purchasing process. The findings are as follows; First, the study shows that buying center members usually take product reliability and precision of technical specification in the case of new-task buying situation while they put their first purchasing priority on prices in the straight rebuy. Second, the finding presents that in new-task buying situation and the straight rebuy purchasing personnel get information about new products through product performance test, organizational engineers, opinions from other companies' purchasing personnel, and checking out samples. Third, this research demonstrates when it comes to purchasing risk in their first purchasing, the persons who are in charge of material purchasing are inclined to be aware of the risk most in technical problems, followed by financial problems and time delay problems in order. And in addition to those risks are mentioned above, once-again-purchasers take the risk like an opportunity loss for better products into consideration. Fourth, the study shows that the role of concerning departments makes no difference in each purchasing stage. Accordingly marketers need to beef up the differentiated strategy to persuade their customers. Fifth, the findings of this study demonstrate that purchasing decision making is much influenced by the final users. So suppliers are supposed to perform the most active marketing strategy at the first stage of purchasing through various resources. Finally, the study presents that the suppliers who will have had close relationships with their customers need to give consistent information to them so that their customers can have lower motive in purchasing products from competitors.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2004

The objective of the present study was to analyze genetic distances, variation and characteristics of individuals in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykis using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) method as molecular genetic technique, to detect AFLP band patterns as genetic markers, and to compare the efficiency of agarosegel electrophoresis (AGE) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), respectively. Using 9 primer combinations, a total of 141 AFLP bands were produced, 108 bands (82.4%) of which were polymorphic in AGE. In PAGE, a total of 288 bands were detected, and 220 bands (76.4%) were polymorphic. The AFLP fingerprints of AGE were different from those of PAGE. Separation of the fragments with low molecular weight and genetic polymorphisms revealed a distinct pattern in the two gel systems. In the present study, the average bandsharing values of the individuals between two populations apart from the geographic sites in Kangwon-do ranged from 0.084 to 0.738 of AGE and PAGE. The bandsharing values between individuals No.9 and No. 10 showed the highest level within population, whereas the bandsharing values between individuals No.5 and No.7 showed the lowest level. As calculated by bandsharing analysis, an average of genetic difference (mean$\pm$SD) of individuals was approximately 0.590$\pm$0.125 in this population. In AGE, the single linkage dendrogram resulted from two primers (M11+H11 and M13+H11), indicating six genetic groupings composed of group 1 (No.9 and 10), group 2 (No. 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 16 and 17), group 3 (No. 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 15 and 16), group 4 (No.9, 14 and 17), group 5 (No. 13, 19, 20 and 21) and group 6 (No. 23). In AGE, the genetic distances among individuals of between-population ranged from 0.108 to 0.392. In AGE, the shortest genetic distance (0.108) displaying significant molecular differences was between individuals No.9 and No. 10. Especially, the genetic distance between individuals No. 23 and the remnants among individuals within population was highest (0.392). Additionally, in the cluster analysis using the PAGE data, the single linkage dendrogram resulted from two primers (M12+H13 and M11+H13), indicating seven genetic groupings composed of group 1 (No. 15), group 2 (No. 14), group 3 (No. 11 and 12), group 4 (No.5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 13), group 5 (No.1, 2, 3 and 4), group 6 (No.9) and group 7 (No. 16). By comparison with the individuals in PAGE, genetic distance between No. 10 and No. 7 showed the shortest value (0.071), also between No. 16 and No. 14 showed the highest value (0.242). As with the PAGE analysis, genetic differences were certainly apparent with 13 of 16 individuals showing greater than 80% AFLP-based similarity to their closest neighbor. The three individuals (No. 14, No. 15 and No. 16) of rainbow trout between two populations apart from the geographic sites in Kangwon-do formed distinct genetic distances as compared with other individuals. These results indicated that AFLP markers of this fish could be used as genetic information such as species identification, genetic relationship or analysis of genome structure, and selection aids for genetic improvement of economically important traits in fish species.