• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.29-37
• /
• 2005

This study investigated external symptoms, behavior characteristics and the distribution pattern of the scuticociliates in the skin, gill and blood vessel of the tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes, infected with scuticociliates among tiger puffer cultured. The fish infected with scuticociliates did not show any external symptoms, such as change in body color or swimming behavior, in the early infection stage. However, they showed congestion, erosion, and ulcer on the skin and fin at advanced stages. They showed a turning movement, mainly stayed on the bottom, and swam with their mouths open at the surface of water. Some fish showed a sudden swimming movement of zigzag type. The scuticociliates were ovoid in shape and $20\times40{\mu}m$ in size. The scuticociliates had a contractile vesicle and a caudal cilium that ranged 10-12 ${\mu}m$, and reproduced by binary fission. Therefore the scuticociliates were identified as ciliated, belonging to class Hymenostomatia, order Scuticociliatida in morphogenetic character. The gills infiltrated with scuticociliates showed clubbed gill filament due to hypertrophy of gill lamella. Within the blood vessels, scuticociliates were observed one to ten individuals, depending on diameter of the blood vessels. Some of the scuticociliates were observed to have ingested erythrocytes.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.183-190
• /
• 2009

In mammals, puberty is a dynamic transition process from infertile immature state to fertile adult state. The neuroendocrine aspect of puberty is started with functional activation of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal hormone axis. The timing of puberty can be altered by many factors including hormones and/or hormone-like materials, social cues and metabolic signals. For a long time, attainment of a particular body weight or percentage of body fat has been thought as crucial determinant of puberty onset. However, the precise effect of high-fat (HF) diet on the regulation of hypothalamic GnRH neuron during prepubertal period has not been fully elucidated yet. The present study was undertaken to test the effect of a HF diet on the puberty onset and hypothalamic gene expressions in immature female rats. The HF diet (45% energy from fat, HF group) was applied to female rats from weaning to around puberty onset (postnatal days, PND 22-40). Body weight and vaginal opening (VO) were checked daily during the entire feeding period. In the second experiment, all animals were sacrificed on PND 36 to measure the weights of reproductive tissues. Histological studies were performed to assess the effect of HF diet feeding on the structural alterations in the reproductive tissues. To determine the transcriptional changes of reproductive hormone-related genes in hypothalamus, total RNAs were extracted and applied to the semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Body weights of HF group animals tend to be higher than those of control animals between PND 22 and PND 31, and significant differences were observed PND 32, PND 34, PND 35 and PND 36 (p<0.05). Advanced VO was shown in the HF group (PND $32.8{\pm}0.37$ p<0.001) compared to the control (PND $38.25{\pm}0.25$). The weight of ovaries (p<0.01) and uteri (p<0.05) from HF group animals significantly increased when compared to those from control animals. Corpora lutea were observed in the ovaries from the HF group animals but not in control ovaries. Similarly, hypertrophy of luminal and glandular uterine epithelia was found only in the HF group animals. In the semi-quantitative RT-PCR studies, the transcriptional activities of KiSS-1 in HF group animals were significantly higher than those from the control animals (p<0.001). Likewise, the mRNA levels of GnRH (p<0.05) were significantly elevated in HF group animals. The present study indicated that the feeding HF diet during the post-weaning period activates the upstream modulators of gonadotropin such as GnRH and KiSS-1 in hypothalamus, resulting early onset of puberty in immature female rats.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.100-108
• /
• 1986

Eik-Nes (1966) reported that the mechanism of spermatogenesis is controlled by FSH and LH and maintaned normally in scrotum terperautre which is 3-5$^{\circ}C$ lower than body termperature. But Ojeda and Ramirez (1972) have described that the abdominal testis was shrinked severely and lost its normal function in congenital cryptorchidism or surgically induced cryptorchidism. Ramirez and Sawyer (1974) reported that the compensatory hypertorphy occured in the remaining testis of unilateral castration and the scrotal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism. Cunninham et al. (1978) reported that the serum FSH levle increased after unilateral castration. Frankel and Wright (1982) reported that the serum LH level was unchanged greatly after unilateral castration. Gomes and Jain (1976) reported that the serum testosterone level increased temporarily but not varied after unilateral castration. On the other hand, Kormano et al. (1964) reported that the serum FSH level in unilateral cryptorchidism rat was unchanged in contrast with the control and Risbirdger et al. (1981) reported that the serum LH level was unchanged till 2 weeks after operation and after then increased to 77%. Kim (1984) reported that the serum testosterone level was somewhat lower than that fo control group but there was't significant different. There were many different reports on hormone levels among different investigators when the immarue rats were castrated unilaterally or induced cryptorchidism unilaterally. Liang and Liang (1970) and Cunningham et al. (1978) described that there were no true compenastory hypertrophy in the remaining testis of unilateral castration and scrotal testis of unilateral testis of unilateral cryptorchidism in rat but they grew faster than that of control. Kormano et al.(1964), Damber et al.(1976), Cunningham et al.(1978) and Karpe et al.(1981) reported that the testis weight, germinal epithelia height and seminiferous tubules diameter developed continuously and similarily in the control, the remaining testis of unilateral castration and scrotal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism increased, however, in the abdominal testis of the unilateral cryptorchidism, they were much smaller than those of other groups. In observation of the histological changes in the seminiferous epithelium of control, remaining tesis of unilateral castration and scrotal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism differentiated and developed fully(Cunningham et al., 1978). However, the abdominal testis of unilateral crytorchidism degenerated severely and only the germ cells in early stage and Sertoli cells were found in the seminiferous tubules. (Damber et al., 1976, Gomes and Jain, 1976 and Karpe et al., 1981). By electron microscopic observation, Nagano (1963) and Leason and Leeson (1970) found that the abdominal testis of unilateral cryptorchidism was thicked in boundary tissue, increased lipid droplet in the Sertoli cell, disarranged axial filament complex and increased lipid inclusions in the Sertoli cell.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.147-155
• /
• 1996

This study was carried out to examine the acute toxic effects of ammonia to the eel, Anguilla japonica in high temperature and pH levels by histopathological observations. The eels of 40 g average body weight were exposed to 4 different concentrations of total ammonia (0, 10, 20, 30 mg/$\ell$) for 24~120 hours. Each concentration was treated under 4 different levels of pH (7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0) and each of these treatments was tested at 2 different temperatures ($27^{\circ}C$, $32^{\circ}C$). Histopathological changes in gill tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin stain. As increasing of pH (from 7.5 to 9.0), water temperature (from $27^{\circ}C$ to $32^{\circ}C$), total ammonia concentration (from 0 mg/$\ell$ to 30 mg/$\ell$) and exposure time (from 24 hours to 120 hours), gill discolorated to dark brown with the naked eye and gill tissues showed hypertrophy of gill lamellae, winding of the secondary gill lamellae, epitherial separation and necrosis histopathologically. When gill lamellae epithelium was separated from the blood vessels, gill discolorated to dark brown with the naked eye.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.243-257
• /
• 1996

CCK and cholinergic agonist stimulate enzyme release from the pancreatic acini via G-protein-mediated activation of phospholipase C, In contrast secretin and related peptides increase the level of cAMP and activate cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Camostat, a synthetic protease inhibitor, causes pancreatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia by increasing the CCK release. In this study, the secretagogue-induced changes of intracellular proteins were examined in the dispersed pancreatic acini of rats with or without camostat treatment. Camostat(FOY-305, 200 mg/kg, p.o.) was given for 4 days twice daily and the dispersed acini were prepared at 12 bouts after last treatment. The profiles of Intracellular phosphoproteins were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis after incubating the acini with $^{32}P$. The amylase release from the dispersed acini was measured. The pancreatic weight was increased to 126% of control, while amylase activity per mg acinar protein decreased to 41% of control, The maximum response of amylase release from dispersed acini to CCK-8 or carbachol was markedly decreased(65% or 46% of control, respectively). The group of intracellular proteins(24 kD, pI $4.5{\sim}8.5$) was increased in quantity by camostat. CCK-8 or secretin increased phosphorylation of a protein(34 kD, pI 4.7) in camostat-treated as well as control rats. CCK-8 increased tyrosine phosphoryiation in the acini of control rats. However, in camostat-treated rats, the basal level of tyrosine phosphorylation was increased and it was rather decreased by CCK-8. Secretin had no effect on the level of tyrosine phosphorylation in acini. These results indicate that both phospholipase C and adenylate cyclase induce phosphorylation of an intracellular acinar protein(34 kD, pI 4.7) and camostat treatment increases the basal level of tyrosine phosphorylation in acinar cells. And these results suggest that not only serine/threonine protein kinase but also protein tyrosine kinase/phosphatase are involved in the process of CCK receptor mediated stimulation-secrelion coupling.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.97-101
• /
• 2013

Hairy tongue is a disease caused by hypertrophy of filiform papillae on the tongue dorsum. Clinically, it occurs on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue dorsum and is rarely observed on the lateral and tip of the tongue. Several types of colored pigmentation from white to brown and black appear depending on the ingested food and the existing pigmentation inducing bacteria. Although clinically asymptomatic, patients will visit the clinic for esthetic problems and at rare intervals experience nausea, halitosis, dysgeusia and unpleasant sensation. The exact etiology is yet not known but causes such as inappropriate oral hygiene control, a shift in oral bacterium, infection, radiotherapy, use of antibacterial drugs or immunosuppressants, excessive smoking or alcohol drinking and decrease of salivary flow rate may be a factor of the disease. Clinical symptoms are quite typical and diagnosis may be made simply by observation, not necessarily biopsy. Treatment of hairy tongue is done by eliminating the etiology factors, brushing the tongue gently with a tongue cleaner and in some cases using keratolytic agent. Although it is rare to treat hairy tongue surgically, we will introduce a case successfully treated using carbondioxide laser($CO_2$ laser), after no sufficient improvement had been made by conservative treatment.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.87-101
• /
• 2012

Bruxism is extensively defined as a diurnal or nocturnal parafunctional habit of tooth clenching or grinding. The etiology of bruxism may be categorized as central factors or peripheral factors and according to previous research results, central factors are assumed to be the main cause. Bruxism may cause tooth attrition, cervical abfraction, masseter hypertrophy, masseter or temporalis muscle pain, temporomandibular joint arthralgia, trismus, tooth or restoration fracture, pulpitis, trauma from occlusion and clenching in particularly may cause linea alba, buccal mucosa or tongue ridging. An oral appliance, electromyogram or polysomnogram is used as a tool for diagnosis and the American Sleep Disorders Association has proposed a clinical criteria. However the exact etiology of bruxism is yet controversial and the selection of treatment should be done with caution. When the rate of bruxism is moderate or greater and is accompanied with clinical symptoms and signs, treatment such as control of dangerous factors, use of an oral appliance, botulinum toxin injection, pharmacologic therapy and biofeedback therapy may be considered. So far, oral appliance treatment is known to be the most rational choice for bruxism treatment. For patients in need of esthetic correction of hypertrophic masseters, as well as bruxism treatment, botulinum toxin injection may be a choice.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.116-128
• /
• 2003

Objectives : The incidence of allergic rhinitis has increased but treatment in most cases has only dealt with the symptoms. Medicine has been developed that shows fewer side effects. However, some side effects and the psychological stress over taking medicine has remained. There have been no studies so far performed on the effect of this Jeulminmilmae-tang's use, only. The purpose of this study was find out the therapeutic effects of its exclusive use on an Animal Model with Allergic Rhinitis. Methods : Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three group : normal group, control group and sample group. To induce the allergic rhinitis in control group and sample group, rats were sensitized intraperitoneally with 0.1$\%$ ovalumin solution 3 times at intervals of 1 week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1$\%$ ovalumin solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, rats in the sample group were oral administration treated by Jeulminmilmae-tang for 28 days. Compared with the sample group, rats in the control group were oral administration treated by normal saline for 28 days. We observed changes in nasal mucosa and submucosa; also changes in the segment of neutrophil, eosinophil, Iympocyte and monocyte in blood. We used the statistical methods of student t-test(p 〈0.05). And we observed the changes of AST, ALT of three groups and used anova test statistically. Results : The segment of eosinophil was significantly decreased in treated group when compared with the control group(p 〈0.05). The segment of neutrophil. in blood were decreased in the treated group when compared with the control group but. that was not significant statistically(p 〈0.05). There were some regrowth of the cilium in the treated group. Histologic changes showed edema congestion and expantion of grandular cells in nasal submucosa and hypertrophy of epithelium ill nasal mucosa were decreased in treated group when compared with control group. Effects of Jeulminmilmae-tang on the liver function were also studies in rats. Treatment of Jeulminmilmae-tang did not affected on AST and ALT. Conclusions : The results may suggest that oral administration treatment using Jeulminmilmae-tang decreases the inflammatory response on an Animal Model with Allergic Rhinitis.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
• /
• 1979.05a
• /
• pp.7.2-8
• /
• 1979

The tests related to air usage are valuable for evaluating phonatory function of clinical cases having glottic incompetence. Measurement of mean air flow rate, maximum phonation time and phonation quotient are important test for voice disorder. Stroboscopy is very useful for clinical evaluation of abnormality in the mode of vocal cord vibration. Author obtained following clinical result from 56 cases of laryngeal disorders in Kurume medical school in Japan. 1) Unilateral laryngeal lesions, are 35 cases (62.5%) and bilateral laryngeal lesions are 21 cases (37.5%). 2) Sex ratio is 39 cases (69.8%) of male and 17 cases (30.2%) of female. 3) In maximum phonation time below 10 seconds are 26 cases (46.4%) and above 10 seconds are 30 cases (53.6%). 4) In phonation quotient below 300 ml/sec are 33cases (58.9%). and above 300ml/sec are 23 cases (41.0%). 5) In mean air flow rate below 300ml/sec are 37 cases (66.1%) and above 300ml/sec are 19 cases (33.9%). 6) Symmetry of vibratory movement of the vocal cord, regularity of vibration, amplitude of vibration, wave on the mucosa and glottic closures are observed by stroboscopic examination. 7) Postoperative voice test and stroboscopic examination revealed good result in compare pre-operation with post-operation.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.231-236
• /
• 2015

Angiotensin II (AngII) is an essential hormone that affects vascular physiology. For example, stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) rapidly induces vasoconstriction and results in the up-regulation of blood pressure. Chronic stimulation of VSMCs with AngII also results in hypertrophy. In this study, we confirmed an involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent calcium mobilization in AngII-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Stimulation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) with AngII significantly induced the generation of ROS in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AngII-induced generation of ROS was completely abolished by pharmacological inhibition of PI3K (with LY294002), but inhibition of the ERK signaling pathway had no effect. AngII-induced calcium mobilization was completely blocked by inhibition of PI3K, whereas inhibition of the ERK signaling pathway by PD98059 was ineffective. Depletion of extracellular calcium or inhibition of the L-type calcium channel by nifedipine completely blocked AngII-induced calcium mobilization. Depletion of extracellular calcium by EGTA and incubation of RASMCs with calcium-free medium both significantly blocked AngII-induced ROS generation. Inhibition of the L-type calcium channel also significantly blocked AngII-induced ROS generation. These results suggest that AngII-induced ROS generation is regulated by calcium mobilization, which, in turn, is modulated by a PI3K/L-type calcium channel signaling pathway.