• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.61-77
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to offer the basic data for conservation of wetland ecosystem by surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in Hwapocheon wetland, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Korea. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 292 taxa including 72 families, 192 genera, 262 species, 1 subspecies, 26 varieties and 3 forms. There were 34 taxa of hydrophytes, 23 taxa of emergent plants, 4 taxa of floating-leaved plants, 5 taxa of free-floating plants and 5 taxa of submerged plants. The rare plants were 7 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Penthorum chinense, Prunus yedoensis(planting), Ixeris tamagawaensis, Hydrocharis dubia, Iris ensata var. spontanea(planting), Acorus calamus and so forth. The Korean endemic plants were 2 taxa including Salix koriyanagi and Salix pseudolasiogyne. The specific plants by floristic region were 19 taxa including 2 taxa of grade V, 1 taxa of grade IV, 5 taxa of grade III, 2 taxa of grade II and 9 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were 62 taxa including Chenopodium album, Astragalus sinicus, Helianthus tuberosus, Panicum dichotomiflorum and so forth. The plants that were expected to spread nationwide were 14 taxa including Cerastium glomeratum, Bidens frondosa, Tagetes minuta, Festuca arundinacea and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 6 taxa including Rumex acetosella, Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.713-719
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• 2009

A natural wetland in the Nakdong River basin which effectively removes non-point source pollutants was investigated for 2 years to understand wetland topography, vegetation types, and water quality characteristics. The water depth of the natural wetland was in the range of 0.5~1.9 m which is suitable for the growth of non-emergent hydrophytes. The wetland has a high length to width ratio (3.3:1) and a relatively large wetland to watershed area ratio (0.057). A broad-crested weir at the outlet increases the retention time of the wetland whose hydrology is mainly dependent on storm events. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the growing season and the winter season showed anoxic and oxic conditions, respectively. Diurnal variations of DO and pH in the growing season were also observed due to weather change and submerged plants. COD and TP concentrations were low in the winter season due to low inflow rate and increased retention time. Increased TP concentrations in the spring season were caused by degradation of dead wetland plants. Nitrogen in the wetland was mostly in organic nitrogen form (>75%). During the growing season, ammonium concentration was high but nitrate nitrogen concentration was low, possibly due to anoxic and low pH conditions which are adverse conditions for ammonificaiton and nitrification. The results of this study can be used as preliminary data for design, operation, monitoring and management of a constructed wetland which is designed to treat diffuse pollutants in the Nakdong river watershed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2001

The floating islands have been constructed for the water quality improvement and the biodiversity conservation in an disturbed aquatic ecosystem. We made floating islands consisted of a special float and substrates of coconut fibers implanted with four emergent macrophytes such as Phragmites australis, Zizania latifolia, Iris pseudoacorus, Typha angustifolia. Vegetation structure and plant growth were compared between on the floating islands and on ground in order to select suitable plants for the construction of floating islands. Emergent-macrophytic vegetation on the floating islands showed lower coverages and higher plant biodiversity due to natural introduction of various hydrophytes and hygrophytes. Shoot density was increased on floating islands except for Zizania latifolia. From the point of coverage and density of plants, Phragmites australis and Iris pseudoacorus were suitable for floating islands. Total biomass of emergent macrophytes was decreased on the floating islands. The belowground/aboveground biomass ratio of floating islands was higher than that of the ground. Out of planted macrophytes, Iris pseudoacorus with a high belowground/aboveground biomass ratio could be evaluated a suitable plant for the floating islands because a plenty of its root is profitable to adapt with the nutrient-limited environment of floating islands.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 1998

This study was performed to build up the ecological guidelines to grasp the structure of the vegetation change which is due to river rehabilitation. Anyway, river ecosystem and function has been destroyed owing to river development. It is important that river vegetation supplies ecological corridor and biotope. Two survey sites(Wonsungcheon and Pungseocheon)were investigated in the aspect of plant ecosystem and structure to settle the practical concept of river ecosystem. Each survey site was subdivided to five plots. The site was surveyed through the belttransect method. Wonsungcheon gets more seriously polluted as it runs to the urban area. In other words, there are On the other hand, Pungseocheon has more naturality but its downstream is under the pressure of various wood plants in the upstream area, but downstream area is dominated by naturalized plants such as Bidens frondosa, Panicum dichotomiflorum, etc. Riverbank of downstream has been changed into farm and parking lot. development. It should be preserved definitely because it still has abundant naturality and wetland which formed a biotope. The objective of the research is to find out the river retrogression and maintenance methods based on the riparian vegetation structure. To manage the river ecologically, hydrophytes should be induced partly for natural purification after the riverside is rehabilitated. The vegetation should be induced step by step to restore natural river and steady monitoring and research are required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.61-80
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• 2012

This study is to offer the basic data for restoration and conservation of wetland ecosystem by surveying and analysing the flora distributed in the Binae marsh, Namhan River, Chungju-si. The flora in the Binae marsh were verified 204 taxa including 48 families, 152 genera, 179 species, 23 varieties and 2 forms. In flora, pteridophyta were 2 taxa including 1 family, 1 genus and 2 species, among angiospermae, dicotyledonae were 153 taxa including 37 families, 110 genera, 138 species, 13 varieties and 2 forms and monocotyledonae were 49 taxa including 10 families, 41 genera, 39 species and 10 varieties. In the result of classifying the life form of flora, megaphanerophytes (M), nanophanerophytes (N) and chamaiphytes (Ch) were each 9 taxa (4.4%), 37 taxa (18.1%) of hemicryptophytes (H), 19 taxa (9.3%) of geophytes (G), 97 taxa (47.6%) of therophytes (Th) and 24 taxa (11.8%) of hydrophytes (HH). The rare plant designated by Korea Forest Service was 1 taxa (Aristolochia contorta), and the endemic plant was 1 taxa (Salix koriyanagi) too. The specific plants by floristic region were 6 taxa. From among these, the species of degree I were 5 taxa including Salix chaenomeloides, Aristolochia contorta, Artemisia selengensis, Cirsium pendulum and Vallisneria natans, and degree III was 1 taxa including Alisma orientale. The naturalized plants were 45 taxa and the invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida. The naturalized index (NI) was about 22.1%, 16.1% of urbanized index (UI) and 27.3% of disturbed index (DI). The extinct species by construction were 17 taxa including Persicaria sagittata, Typha orientalis, Zizania latifolia and so forth. The new-occured species were 14 taxa including Brassica juncea, Thlaspi arvense, Carduus crispus and so forth. The important species among the extinct species were Aristolochia contorta, Alisma orientale and Vallisneria natans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-50
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• 2002

This study aims to understand wetland distribution and type-specific classification features with a focus on Tumen River downstream in China by adjusting and improving the classification system used in Korea with a reference to international wetland classification systems and their criteria & methods. In this study, wetland types were determined based on hydrology, vegetation, and soil conditions, which are the most basic elements of wetlands. Also, topography analytical map, vegetation analytical map, and soil analytical map for wetland classification were developed and used based on currently available topography map, vegetation map, and soil map. In addition, codes were defined based on topography, location, hydrology, and vegetation. The result shows that, in the Tumen River downstream, wetlands are often found near natural revetment and terrace land & river-bed lakes. In the discovered wetlands, riverine, lacustrine, and inland wetlands were mostly found at system level. Riparian and human-made wetlands were also identified. At a sub-system level, perennial and seasonal wetlands were found to a similar degree. At a class level, perennial open water, herbal plants, and shrubs were mostly found and sandy plain, hydrophytes, and forest tree types were also observed. An overall detailed classification shows that a total of 17 wetland types were found and a large distribution of sand dunes and river-bed lakes, which are scarce in Northeast Asia, indicates that other rare wetland types such as palustrine seasonal sand plain wetland and lacustrine seasonal sand plain wetland may be discovered.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.350-359
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• 2010

The distribution of the Mankyua chejuense was restricted to the northeast region of Jeju Island. It grows in the isolated pit crater-like swamp areas of various extent and shape, where the height is lower compared to the adjacent areas, and the adjacent regions contained a evergreen broad-leaved forests, a shrubbery, and a grassland vegetation. It contained 147 taxa of 61 families, 112 genera and 147 species in the habitats. The life form of the flora showed that the habitat of M. chejuense is different from the surrounding others, in particular, the ratio of the Therophytes and the Hydrophytes appeared highly. Preservation of habitat conditions is very important for stable maintenance the flora, and the surrounding area including habitats has to be designated a protection area for habitat preservation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.370-382
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• 2011

We investigated the area around four moors from May 2009 to June 2010 for plant diversity in Moojechineup, officially designated as the Ramsar wetland. The vascular plants of Moojechineup at Mt. Jeongjok were recorded as total 149 taxa, 55 families, 105 genera, 128 species, 1 subspecies, 16 varieties, and 4 forms. Rare plants were observed 7 taxa (Eriophorum gracile Koch, Drosera rotundifolia L., Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, Kobresia bellardii (All.) Degl, Utricularia bifida L., Utricularia racemosa Wall., Utricularia yakusimensis Masam.). Korean endemic plants were 1 taxon, floristics special plants were 19 taxa, and naturalized plants were 3 taxa. Phytogeographical and evolutionarily, Eriophorum gracile is an important species; hence, further studies are needed to conserve it. Moojechineup is similar to the Shinbulsan wetland in terms of wetland plants (hydrophytes). Moojechineup's flora changes are in process slowly compared to earlier work; thus, continuing interest and appropriate measures should be encouraged.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-131
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Gyodongdo island (Ganghwa-gun). The vascular plants from 11 field surveys were revealed to belong to a total of 629 taxa; 118 families, 364 genera, 561 species, 5 subspecies, 53 varieties, 7 forms and 3 hybrids. 184 taxa were the first records from this region. The plants in Gyodongdo island are composed of the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer-mixed forests which are the common ones in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. Five taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Clematis brachyura Maxim., Viola seoulensis Nakai, Populus ${\times}$ tomentiglandulosa T. B. Lee, Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai and Hemerocallis hakuunensis Nakai were collected. Endangered wild plants designated by the law called 'Protection Law for Endangered wild fauna and flora' were one taxon. The red list plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined for 13 taxa; endangered (EN) species of Prunus yedoensis Matsum., Vulnerable (VU) species of both Utricularia pilosa (Makino) Makino and Iris ruthenica var. nana Maxim., Near Threatened (NT) species of Senecio argunensis Turcz., Least Concern (LC) species of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco, Potentilla discolor Bunge, Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume, Acorus calamus L., Phacelurus latifolius (Steud.) Ohwi, Pseudoraphis ukishiba Ohwi, Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC., and Not Evaluate (NE) species of both Astragalus sikokianus Nakai and Potamogeton oxyphyllus Miq. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were a total of 47 taxa comprising three taxa of grade V, four taxa of grade IV, nine taxa of grade III, 10 taxa of grade II, and 21 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were identified as 62 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 9.9 % and the percentage of urbanization index (UI) was 19.3 %, respectively. Furthermore, hemicryptophytes (28 %), therophytes (26 %), hydrophytes (13 %) and geophyte (12 %) showed high proportional ratio in life form spectrum.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 2009

A coastal wetland is the important area of diverse biodiversity as a transitional zone between coast and land. The results of surveying the flora were recorded as 310 taxa; 85 families, 212 genera, 278 species, 27 varieties and 5 forma. The halophytes were 14 taxa; Atriplex gmelini, Salsola komarovii, Suaeda asparagoides and so forth. The hydrophytes and hygrophytes were 23 taxa; Boehmeria spicata, Persicaria hydropiper, Persicaria japonica and so forth. The naturalized plants were 40 taxa; Fagopyrum esculentum, Rumex crispus, Chenopodium ambrosioides and so forth. The specific plants for the floral region were 28 taxa; Pteris multifida, Cyrtomium fortunei, Dryopteris erythrosora and so forth. In future, the flora of coastal wetland will be analyzed in series, and community dynamics and species composition for the halophytes will be studied.