• 한국재료학회지
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.465-470
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• 2021

Deuterium is a crucial clean energy source required for nuclear fusion and is a future resource needed in various industries and scientific fields. However, it is not easy to enrich deuterium because the proportion of deuterium in the hydrogen mixture is scarce, at approximately 0.016 %. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties of the hydrogen mixture and deuterium are very similar. Therefore, the efficient separation of deuterium from hydrogen mixtures is often a significant challenge when using modern separation technologies. Recently, to effectively separate deuterium, studies utilizing the 'Kinetic Quantum Sieving Effect (KQS)' of porous materials are increasing. Therefore, in this review, two different strategies have been discussed for improving KQS efficiency for hydrogen isotope separation performance using nanoporous materials. One is the gating effect, which precisely controls the aperture locally by adjusting the temperature and pressure. The second is the breathing phenomenon, utilizing the volume change of the structure from closed system to open system. It has been reported that efficient hydrogen isotope separation is possible using these two methods, and each of these effects is described in detail in this review. In addition, a specific-isotope responsive system (e.g., 2nd breathing effect in MIL-53) has recently been discovered and is described here as well.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.655-659
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• 2020

Hydrogen isotopes (i.e. deuterium and tritium) are supplied to the tokamak in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) fuel cycle. One important part of the ITER fuel cycle is the recycling of unused fuel back to the tokamak, as almost 99 % of fuel is unburned during fusion reaction. For this, cryogenic distillation has been used in the isotope separation system (ISS) of ITER, but this technique tends to be energy-intensive and to have low selectivity (typically below 1.5 at 24 K). Recently, efficient isotope separation by porous materials has been reported in the so-called quantum sieving process. Hence, in this study, hydrogen isotope adsorption behavior is studied using chemically stable ZIF-11. At low temperature (40 K ~ 70 K), the adsorption increases and the sorption hysteresis becomes stronger as the temperature increases to 70K. Molar ratio of deuterium to hydrogen based on the isotherms shows the highest (max. 14) ratio at 50 K, confirming the possibility of use as a potential isotope separation material.

• 멤브레인
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.114-123
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• 2024

수소 동위 원소는 중성자 수에 따라 경수소, 중수소, 삼중수소로 분류될 수 있으며, 각 원소는 특정 분야에서 사용되고 있다. 구체적으로, 중수소는 전자 산업, 원자력에너지 산업, 분석기술 산업, 의약품 산업, 그리고 통신 산업에서 관심을 받고 있다. 냉각 증류, 열 주기 흡수 공정, Girdler sulfide 공정, 그리고 수전해와 같은 기존의 방법들은 각각의 장단점을 가지고 있지만, 공통적으로 막대한 에너지를 필요로 하는 공정에 기반한다는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 높은 에너지 효율을 보이는 기술을 기반으로 분리하는 공정의 개발이 요구되는 실정이다. 이런 맥락에서 막을 사용한 수소 동위 원소 분리 기술이 에너지 소비를 줄이는 유망한 해결책 중 하나라 볼 수 있다. 이 총설에서는 분리막을 활용한 수소 동위원소 분리에 관한 선행 연구와 그들의 작동 원리를 소개하고자 한다. 특히 최근 제시되고 있는, 그래핀 기반 전기적 펌핑을 통한 수소 동위원소 분리기술에 대하여 다루고자 한다. 분리막을 활용한 수소 동위원소 분리에 대한 기술은 이제 개념이 제안되기 시작한 단계이며, 많은 부분에서 해결해야 할 난제가 있다. 그러나 이를 달성할 경우 경제적인 효과가 상당할 것으로 판단된다. 이를 위한 향후 연구 방향에 대해서 논하고자 한다.

• 공업화학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.121-128
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• 1998

삼중수소를 함유하는 수소동위원소 시설의 운용이나 취급 또는 핵융합소재의 관리기술분야에서는 기체크로마토그래피 분리법이 중요한 분석 및 농축기술중의 하나로 활용되고 있다. 수소, 중수소 및 삼중수소의 수소동위원소 혼합기체시료를 상용 기체크로마토그래피를 사용하여 분리하였다. 기체시료는 특별히 제작된 진공-시료주입장치를 통해 액체질소온도의 분위기로 유지된 분리컬럼을 통과하는 비활성 캐리어 기체의 흐름을 주입하였다. 10% 함량의 염화망간으로 부분-비활성화한 산화알루미늄 고정상에서 수소동위원소들이 완전히 분리됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 이성질체피크의 억제와 분리 용리시간이 단축되어 실제 수소동위원소의 분리 및 농축기술에 유용하게 적용할 수 있는 비교적 우수한 분리조건을 얻었다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.372-379
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• 2011

A nuclear fusion fuel cycle plant is composed of various subsystems such as a hydrogen isotope storage and delivery system, a tokamak exhaust processing system, and a hydrogen isotope separation system. Korea shares in the construction of its ITER fuel cycle plant with the EU, Japan, and the US, and is responsible for the development and supply of the storage and delivery system. The authors thus present details on the development status of hydrogen isotope storage technologies for nuclear fusion fuel cycle plants. We have developed various hydride beds of different size. We have realized a hydrogen delivery rate of 12.5 $Pam^3/s$ with a typical 1242g-ZrCo bed.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.128-135
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• 2013

The nuclear fuel cycle plant is composed of various subsystems such as a fuel storage and delivery system (SDS), a tokamak exhaust processing system, a hydrogen isotope separation system, and a tritium plant analytical system. Korea is sharing in the construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) fuel cycle plant with the EU, Japan, and the US, and is responsible for the development and supply of the SDS. Hydrogen isotopes are the main fuel for nuclear fusion reactors. Metal hydrides offer a safe and convenient method for hydrogen isotope storage. The storage of hydrogen isotopes is carried out by absorption and desorption in a metal hydride bed. These reactions require heat removal and supply respectively. Accordingly, the rapid storage and delivery of hydrogen isotopes are enabled by a rapid cooling and heating of the metal hydride bed. In this study, we designed and manufactured a vertical-type hydrogen isotope storage bed, which is used to enhance the cooling performance. We present the experimental details of the cooling performances of the bed using various cooling parameters. We also present the modeling results to estimate the heat transport phenomena. We compared the cooling performance of the bed by testing different cooling modes, such as an isolation mode, a natural convection mode, and an outer jacket helium circulation mode. We found that helium circulation mode is the most effective which was confirmed in our model calculations. Thus we can expect a more efficient bed design by employing a forced helium circulation method for new beds.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.327-334
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• 2003

경수소와 중수소를 사용하여 Ti1.0Mn0.9V1.1합금의 경우 313K와 353 K에서, $Ti_{1.0}Cr1.5V_{1.1}$합금의 경우 313 K와 338K에서 각각 수소 동위체 효과를 조사하였다. 합금의 결정구조, 각 상의 존재량, 격자상수 등은 Rietveld method에 의해 결정되었다. 두 합금 모두 용도에 관계 없이 중수소의 흡장량이 경수소에 비하여 많았고, 이들 합금의 수소 동위체 효과는 LaNis 합금에 비하여 대단히 크게 나타났다. 실험 온도 범위에서 $Ti_{1.0}Mn_{0.9}V_{1.1}$합금의 경수소화물은 중수소화물에 비하여 안정하였고, Ti1.0Cr1.5V1.7합금에 있어서는 중수소화물이 더욱 안정하였다. 또한 $Ti_{1.0}Cr_{1.5}V_{1.7}$합금이 $Ti_{1.0}Mn_{0.9}V_{1.1}$합금보다 많은 량의 경수소와 중수소를 흡장하였다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.56-64
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• 2012

The ITER fuel cycle is designed for DT operation in equimolar ratio. It involves not only a group of fuelling system and torus cryo-pumping system of the exhaust gases through the divertor from the torus in tokamak plant, but also from the exhaust gas processing of the fusion effluent gas mixture connected to the hydrogen isotope separation in cryogenic distillation to the final safe storage & delivery of the hydrogen isotopes in tritium plant. Tritium plant system supplies deuterium and tritium from external sources and treats all tritiated fluids in ITER operation. Every operation and affairs is focused on the tritium inventory accountancy and the confinement. This paper describes the major fuel cycle processes and interfaces in the tritium plant in aspects of upcoming technologies for future hydrogen and/or hydrogen isotope utilization.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2022

Breakthrough analysis has widely been explored for the dynamic separation of gaseous mixtures in porous materials. In general, breakthrough experiments measure the components of a flowing gas when a gaseous mixture is injected into a column filled with an adsorbent material. In this paper, we report on the design and fabrication of a breakthrough curve measurement device to study the dynamic adsorptive separation of hydrogen isotopologues in porous materials. Using the designed system, an experiment was conducted involving a 1:1 mixture of hydrogen and deuterium passed through a column filled with zeolite 13X (1 g). At room temperature, both hydrogen and deuterium were adsorbed in negligible amounts; however, at a temperature of 77 K, deuterium was preferentially adsorbed over hydrogen. The selectivity was different from that in the existing literature due to the different sample shapes, measurement methods, and column structures, but was at a similar level to that of cryogenic distillation (1.5).

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2012

A nuclear fusion fuel cycle plant is composed of various subsystems such as a hydrogen isotope storage and delivery system, a tokamak exhaust processing system, and a hydrogen isotope separation system. Korea shares in the construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor fuel cycle plant with the EU, Japan and US, and is responsible for the development and supply of the storage and delivery system. We thus present details on the hydrogen isotope process safety. The main safety analysis procedure is to use a hazard and operability study. Nine segments were studied how the plant might deviate from its design purpose. We present a detailed description of the process, examine every part of it to determine how deviations from the design intent can occur and decide whether these deviations can give rise to hazards. We determine possible causes and note protective systems, evaluate the consequences of the deviation, and recommend actions to achieve our safety goal.