• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.327-344
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• 2019

This paper explores the hub-and-spoke system as the structure of the global economic network that presents obstacles for international cooperation. With its exclusive jurisdiction and control over the hub, a powerful state can employ coercive economic measures to compel and deter unwanted behavior of rogue states and even its allies. Against this backdrop, this study analyzes the cases of the US blocking access to its market by Chinese Huawei as well as the case of Japan in restricting trade for highly advanced goods to South Korea. This analysis reveals that both measures are forms of secondary boycotts, which affect not only the entities within their jurisdiction but also others located in third countries. In addition, this paper extends its findings to free trade agreements and offers implications on the outward processing scheme for the Gaeseong Industrial Complex in the KORUS FTA and the Korea-China FTA. These events result in a gray-risk for South Korea, a country that aims to resolve North Korea's denuclearization and inter-Korean economic cooperation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.243-248
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• 2006

Recently, China opened Yangshan port and provides a variety of benefits for shipping companies. Japan plans to reduce logistics costs and improve efficiency through the established 'super major ports' project. According to the 'hub and spokes' system, the number of direct calls toward North-Chinese ports are increasing. This changing environment has negative effects on the amount of transshipment cargos in Korean ports. In order to make a hub port of a domestic port, it is necessary to develop northeast Asian Feeder networks. Therefore, this paper analyzes the structure of northeast Asian feeder networks through the case study of European feeder networks strategy. Finally, we suggests the plans to reinforce feeder networks, which are strategic terminal operation, strategic alliances between shipping companies and port co-operation, for win-win strategy in the competitive northeast Asian market.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.4-12
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• 2022

Objective : We reported the differentially methylated genes in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) using bioinformatics analyses to explore the biological characteristics of the development of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Methods : DNA methylation profiles obtained from 40 SAH patients from an epigenome-wide association study were analyzed. Functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and module analyses were carried out. Results : A total of 13 patients (32.5%) experienced DCI during the follow-up. In total, we categorized the genes into the two groups of hypermethylation (n=910) and hypomethylation (n=870). The hypermethylated genes referred to biological processes of organic cyclic compound biosynthesis, nucleobase-containing compound biosynthesis, heterocycle biosynthesis, aromatic compound biosynthesis and cellular nitrogen compound biosynthesis. The hypomethylated genes referred to biological processes of carbohydrate metabolism, the regulation of cell size, and the detection of a stimulus, and molecular functions of amylase activity, and hydrolase activity. Based on PPI network and module analysis, three hypermethylation modules were mainly associated with antigen-processing, Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport, and G alpha (i) signaling events, and two hypomethylation modules were associated with post-translational protein phosphorylation and the regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis. VHL, KIF3A, KIFAP3, RACGAP1, and OPRM1 were identified as hub genes for hypermethylation, and ALB and IL5 as hub genes for hypomethylation. Conclusion : This study provided novel insights into DCI pathogenesis following SAH. Differently methylated hub genes can be useful biomarkers for the accurate DCI diagnosis.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.189-208
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• 2018

This study validates if this relationship results in differences of significance levels between first time and repeat visitors and analyzes if there exist any differences in the spatial characteristics of tourist attractions using Social Network Analysis(SNA) for the spacial attributes of movement network Focusing on Hwaseong city, South Korea. It is important for balanced development between tour sites in Hwaseong by enhancing the value of tourism resources and applying the concept of hub-and-spoke tourism development. Based on the analyzing the centrality of tourist movement networks, degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality all did not show much variation for 20 tourist attractions versus the top five. That is, the attractions that both first time and repeat visitors visit are concentrated in well-known, famous places. The authors hope that this study, which defines practical interactions among attractions based movement, will be used as practical data for developing tourist retention marketing strategies.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2012

Vehicular communication networking is one of the most important building blocks of Intelligent Transportation System(ITS). The vehicular communication network is a wireless communication system enabling vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with roadside base stations. Especially, Wi-Fi based vehicle-to-infrastructure(V2I) communication is an emerging solution to improve the safety, traffic efficiency, and comfort of passengers. In this paper, we proposed a new communication hub platform for vehicles, and explained vehicle communication technology in short. Through car simulation results, we show thar our proposed system reduces signaling interference.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.7A
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• pp.715-724
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• 2010

K-water has used satellite networks for 12 years for hydrological observation in various parts such as remote data acquisition and providing information including flood forecasting. It is the time to replace equipments according to long-term use of the system. A pilot system for high speed satellite networks is implemented by seven terminals, three 2-hops and 1 hub in Ku-Band bandwidth by using VSAT. According to the result for the performance test on the system, the result fot all items, including Link Budget designed meets performance levels.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.29-45
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• 2000

We consider the design of a two-level telecommunication network having logical full-mesh/star topology, with the implementation of conduit systems taken together. The design problem is then viewed as consisting of three subproblems: locating hub facilities, placing a conduit network, and installing cables therein to configure the logical full-mesh/star network. Without partitioning into subproblems as done in the conventional approach, the whole problem is directly dealt with in a single integrated framework, inspired by some recent successes with the approach. We successfully formulate the problem as a variant of the classical multicommodity flow model for the fixed charge network design problem, aided by network augmentation, judicious commodity definition, and some flow restrictions. With our optimal model, we solve some randomly generated sample problems by using CPLEX MIP program. From the computational experiments, it seems that our model can be applied to the practical problem effectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.837-840
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• 2014

Interactions between genes have long been recognized and studied by many researchers, and they formed a large-scale interaction networks. In systems biology, it has been a challenge to investigate the factors to determine network dynamics. Here, we create a new network called an effectiveness network by calculating thy dynamical effectiveness from a node to another node. We found that robust nodes tend to have smaller number of edges than non-robust nodes. This implies that hub nodes are likely to affect the network robustness.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.77-79
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• 2004

Because robot hardware architecture generally is consisted of a few sensors and motors connected to the central processing unit, this type of structure is led to time consuming and unreliable system. For analysis, one of the fundamental difficulties in real-time system is how to be bounded the time behavior of the system. When a distributed control network controls the robot, with a central computing hub that sets the goals for the robot, processes the sensor information and provides coordination targets for the joints. If the distributed system supposed to be connected to a control network, the joints have their own control processors that act in groups to maintain global stability, while also operating individually to provide local motor control. We try to analyze the architecture of network-based humanoid robot's leg part and deal with its application using the CAN(Controller Area Network) protocol.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.25 no.8A
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• pp.1247-1253
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• 2000

To fully utilize the capabilities of a SONET/ADM network, traffic grooming is needed to multiplex a number of lower-rate traffic streams into a higher-rate stream, and vice versa. Although the capacity of a SONET ring network can be upgraded by operating it over multiple wavelengths, the corresponding network design may be costly if it employs a large number of ADMs. A cost-effective design attempts to minimize the total number of ADMs used in the network while carrying the offered traffic. We introduce and evaluate the performance characteristics of a new traffic-grooming approach for WDM ring networks, called multihop. The multihop implementation places an ADM at each node based on the requested traffic in the traffic-demand matrix then, it tries to groom the wavelengths which can be groomed. We select one of the nodes to be the "hub" node which has an ADM for each wavelength. The hub node, therefore, can "bridge" traffic between all of the wavelengths. The algorithm is specified and illustrated by a simple example. Our results demonstrate that it is beneficial to use a single-hop approach, but for a large grooming ratio and node number, we advocate the use of the multihop approach.e multihop approach.