• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.301-306
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• 2002

In Japan, the vacancy rates of office buildings have been at high in big cities since 1992. This problem is especially acute in Tokyo, where it is estimated that over 2.27 million square meters of office floor area will be oversupplied in 2003: big urban redevelopment projects will be completed in 2003. Under these circumstances, International Cooperative Research and Development on Sustainable Urban Management by Conversion of Buildings, called “SUMCOB”, has been carried out. This research aims to regenerate urban areas by converting redundant offices into flats, although instances of conversion are still very few in Japan. This paper introduces part of current results by SUMCOB, and discusses legal problems with conversion and basic capacity of vacant offices in Tokyo. It has been confirmed that there are no constraints concerned with Real Estate Registration Law (although it requires the change of the registration after conversion). and City Planning Law. However, some criteria are incompatible with Building Standard Law and Fire Service Law if the use of the building is changed from offices to flats. Typical incompatibility between offices and flats is lightening. If the buildings do not satisfy criteria for flats, the cost of renovation works for conversion will increase. To examine the basic capacity of vacant office buildings for conversion, field surveys in Tokyo have carried out at three areas: Kodenmacho (Chuo-ku), Toranomon (Minato-ku), and Iwamonocho (Chiyoda-ku). They are typical office areas that are included in center core of Tokyo. In Chuo-ku, the oldest commercial area in Tokyo, textile merchants have been located their headquarters. In Minato-ku, many rental office buildings have been located and several large scale redevelopments are advancing. Chiyoda-ku includes Marunouchi area, which is the prime office area in Japan. Thirty percent of the buildings in survey areas suffer from over twenty percent vacant floor rate, and fifty five percent were constructed before 1990. Especially most of buildings over forty percent vacant floor rate were constructed in 1980s. Vacant office problems haven't been seen in old buildings in Tokyo yet. The number of dwelling units made from office space will influence the conversion scheme. Seventy percent of the office buildings in survey areas have floor area of less than two hundred square meters. If they have been subdivided into two bedrooms type or three bedrooms type, the number of dwelling units in a floor would be less than three. The difficulty of conversion planning derives from frontage size, depth size, and their proportion. The five categories are proposed to grasp actual requirements for converting offices into flats.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 2018

Objectives: In Mongolian housing, they use coal as a fuel for indoor heating and cooking. The combustion of coal releases particulate matter, which can affect indoor air quality. The purpose of this study was to analyze the concentrations of indoor $PM_{2.5}$ in winter time dwellings in ger town. Methods: In this study, indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations, temperature and humidity in houses were measured by a real-time PM monitor, while the time activity patterns of the residents were also observed. Results: The correlation between factors that may affect the indoor air quality was analyzed.The indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were $178.4{\pm}152.7{\mu}g/m^3$ (n=37). Five types of indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations have been classified, which were associated with indoor activity. The stove type, fuel types and indoor activities such as cleaning, cooking and opening the stoves were not significantly associated with indoor $PM_{2.5}$ levels. Conclusions: Further study is needed to determine the effect of stove type through 24hours of indoor air quality monitoring.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.639-647
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• 2011

In this paper, we introduce a design methodology of data-centroid Radial Basis Function neural networks with extended polynomial function. The two underlying design mechanisms of such networks involve K-means clustering method and Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO). The proposed algorithm is based on K-means clustering method for efficient processing of data and the optimization of model was carried out using PSO. In this paper, as the connection weight of RBF neural networks, we are able to use four types of polynomials such as simplified, linear, quadratic, and modified quadratic. Using K-means clustering, the center values of Gaussian function as activation function are selected. And the PSO-based RBF neural networks results in a structurally optimized structure and comes with a higher level of flexibility than the one encountered in the conventional RBF neural networks. The PSO-based design procedure being applied at each node of RBF neural networks leads to the selection of preferred parameters with specific local characteristics (such as the number of input variables, a specific set of input variables, and the distribution constant value in activation function) available within the RBF neural networks. To evaluate the performance of the proposed data-centroid RBF neural network with extended polynomial function, the model is experimented with using the nonlinear process data(2-Dimensional synthetic data and Mackey-Glass time series process data) and the Machine Learning dataset(NOx emission process data in gas turbine plant, Automobile Miles per Gallon(MPG) data, and Boston housing data). For the characteristic analysis of the given entire dataset with non-linearity as well as the efficient construction and evaluation of the dynamic network model, the partition of the given entire dataset distinguishes between two cases of Division I(training dataset and testing dataset) and Division II(training dataset, validation dataset, and testing dataset). A comparative analysis shows that the proposed RBF neural networks produces model with higher accuracy as well as more superb predictive capability than other intelligent models presented previously.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2020

In the present paper, as a way of reducing heavyweight impact sounds, in particular, among floor impact sounds which have come to the forefront as a social issue recently, a floor joist slab is proposed that is expected to bring an effect of reducing heavyweight impact sounds through a shift in the natural frequency by installing a floor joist on a flat-type slab to increase the rigidity of the floor slab, differently from the existing method that increases the thickness of floor slab, and the heavyweight impact sound characteristics depending on the floor joist height and interval are interpretively analyzed. As a result of the analysis, though a trend is shown where the sound pressure level decreases as the slab thickness of floor joist increases, and as no difference is shown when thickness is above a certain value, it is thought that there is a threshold for the effect of an increase in floor thickness on blockage of heavyweight impact sounds. Also, as an increase in floor rigidity resulting from an increase in the floor joist height and a decrease in the interval does not lead to a consistent increase in the performance of blocking heavyweight impact sounds, it is thought that a different floor joist height and interval should be applied to each type of house to expect optimum performance of blocking heavyweight impact sounds, and an increase of 100mm in the floor joist height or a decrease of about 100mm in the interval is expected to bring an effect of reducing heavyweight impact sounds by about 1dB to 2dB.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.271-290
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• 2018

The study aims to analyze the effects of socio-economic deprivation on suicidal ideation. The analysis data were used as a guide for Korea Welfare Panel Study 9. the frequency analysis, mean difference analysis, correlation analysis, and logistic regression were performed by SPSS programs. The results of analysis are as follows. First, The results of frequency analysis by deprivation type showed a high frequency of deprivation in the following order. Experience of not receiving a public pension, experience of being able to work but unemployed, experience of not being able to eat a balanced diet due to financial difficulties, and experience where you had nothing to eat but no more money to buy. Second, the average difference analysis shows that when a person does not have a spouse, the lower the academic background and the income level, the higher the likelihood of suicide. Third, regression analysis shows that the following deprivation patterns have a statistically significant effect on older adults' thoughts of suicide. Experience in which the respondents or their family could not go to hospital because they had no money, experience that move house because is back rent more than 2 months or can not pay rent, experience that they could not afford to buy food and eat well-balanced meals, experience of failing to pay your bills on time, experience of being able to work but not having a job, and experience in which financial difficulties left them short of food and no money to live. Based on such research results, some policy measures, such as the expanding management of medical care benefits cases, the improvement of elderly housing, residential conditions and the diet survey for the elderly, and the expansion of measures to support elderly people's tax rates, were proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.58-69
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• 2018

This study investigated root damage characteristics and correlations between roadside trees and street furniture through the investigation of the root damage conditions and the current status of roadside trees and street furniture in Seo-gu, Daejeon City where the occurrence of pavement uplift is frequent. The study area was divided into six areas by species of trees as Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Platanus occidentalis focusing on the streets that were installed with trees chest height and 8cm round planted at the time of the development of the Dunsan-dong Housing Site Development in Seo-gu, Daejeon metropolitan city (1990~1994). The damage rate of roadside protection frames (95.3%) was higher than that of curbstones (19.7%) at the study site. Streets without a protective frame were more likely to have damaged pavement. In addition, the frequency of breakage of protective frames was lowered when a drinking water area was increased to more than a certain level. The frequency of the type of uplift in the sidewalk pavement surfaces is in the order of tail type > mounding type > irregular type, and the frequency of the uplift direction is the highest in Direction 1 ($0{\sim}44^{\circ}C$), Direction 2 ($45{\sim}89^{\circ}$), and Direction 3 ($95{\sim}134^{\circ}$) when $180^{\circ}$ of the street direction is based on $90^{\circ}$ parallel to the curbstone. The uplift length is about 31~60cm and it is most often at a height of 3~6cm. When comparing the results of uplift deformation, Metasequoia glyptostroboides was found to be higher than the deformation of Platanus occidentalis. In addition, it can be seen that the larger the length, width and height of the ridge, the larger the deformation becomes. The relationship between the diameter at breast height, the dimension of the pavement width, the frequency of the ridge phenomenon and the deformation amount is not necessarily proportional, and there seems to be a gap due to external factors such as soil humidity and planting base. Therefore there is a need for a multi-directional approach in reducing uplift.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.135-155
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the environmental sustainability of new town development in metropolitan area, Korea and derive some policy implications for sustainable urban development. The case study area selected for empirical research is Jisan Bummul new town in Taegu. In the part of theoretical review, it is considered that the urban form suitable to sustainable development of a metropolis is the type of decentralized concentration. For the decentralized concentration form, we suggest developing suburban centers with self-sufficiency within a metropolis. This strategy is to develop a few suburban centers on the outskirts of a metropolis to decentralize urban activities of the central city, and to conserve the remaining. The empirical study evaluating the environmental sustainability of new town development shows that Jisan Bummul new town generally have low environmental sustain ability, because of the policy of mass housing provisions without consideration on overall natural conditions and environmental capacity of the area. To develop a new town. we must first select the locational site with minimum possibility of the destruction of natural environment, and then it is necessary to develop new towns into compact form to minimize the destruction of the natural environment. Second, a new town should be developed into a large scale to obtain urban self-sufficiency. Third plans must be established for decentralising both industrial and residential functions of a metropolis simultaneously. As more detailed policy implications, it is suggested that the policies are needed to improve the quality of educational conditions and enhance the level of services of public transport facilities. It is also necessary to establish the comprehensive development plan that takes the adjacent developmental area into consideration, and to prepare various action plans to bring up the facilities of self-sufficiency. In the selection of the location of a new town, the adaptability of public transportation planning must be emphasized. But, to take a program for short-term mass housing provisions must be restricted.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.148-160
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• 2012

The main purpose of this paper is to deliver a climate analysis and evaluation method based on GIS by using airborne LiDAR data and Biotop type map and to provide spatial information of climate analysis and evaluation based on Biotop type Map. At first stage, the area, slope, slope length, surface, wind corridor function and width, and obstacle factors were analyzed to obtain cold/fresh air production and wind corridor evaluation. In addition, climate evaluation was derived from those two results in the second stage. Airborne LiDAR data are useful in wind corridor analysis during the study. Correlation analysis results show that ColdAir_GRD grade was highly correlated with Surface_GRD (-0.967461139) and WindCorridor_ GRD was highly correlated with Function_GRD (-0.883883476) and Obstacle_GRD (-0.834057656). Climate Evaluation GRID was highly correlated with WindCorridor_GRD (0.927554516) than ColdAir_GRD (0.855051646). Visual validations of climate analysis and evaluation results were performed by using aerial ortho-photo image, which shows that the climate evaluation results were well related with in-situ condition. At the end, we applied climate analysis and evaluation by using Biotop map and airborne LiDAR data in Gwangmyung-Shiheung City, candidate for the Bogeumjari Housing District. The results show that the aerial percentile of the 1st Grade is 18.5%, 2nd Grade is 18.2%, 3rd Grade is 30.7%, 4th Grade is 25.2%, and 5th Grade is 7.4%. This study process provided both the spatial analysis and evaluation of climate information and statistics on behalf of each Biotop type.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.690-704
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• 2014

Single family houses are the traditional & typical type of house in human history. But there had been little attention to single family houses in Korea so that there was little studies on single family houses. This study aimed to analyse price determinants of single family houses in Seoul, using Quantile Regression Analysis(QRA). Because single family houses has large levels of price, quantile regression analysis is more proper than Ordinary Least Square(OLS). The Results of analysis showed that, land coverage ratio, zoning, passed years, basement floor, hight of land, shape of land were important factors to single family houses price. The scale of effect of land coverage ratio to single family houses price was different to price levels of single family houses. And basement floor affected more negative effects to middle price, location and zoning had positive effects to high price single family houses. The degree of influence of determinants of single family houses price was deferent by region, KangBuk and KangNam. In KangNam, land coverage ratio and accessibilities were more important in low price single family houses, green zone and more far way is affected positive effects on single family houses price. In Kangbuk, land coverage ratio affects similar effects on single family houses price.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.432-447
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• 2008

This study is to examine and analyze the the connection types between location knowledge and understanding the characteristics of world regions which 8th grade students are recognizing. In the analysis of the relation between the location knowledge and region understanding(clothing, food, housing and living style and so on), I analyzed the relation types between location knowledge and region living figures. Absolutely understanding the region needed the efact location knowledge on the world map, the knowledge of the longitude and latitude, symbolic area and the higher ranking region and the information about natural surroundings in which I grasp the region living figures. In addition, it needed the knowledge of locational attributes for the connection formation between region location knowledge on maps and understanding the region. The relative location knowledge related to the other regions and those natural surroundings and the linkage of those region locational attributes are needed in order that the location knowledge on a map could be connected to the knowledge about the actual region living figures. So I call it 'the structured location knowledge'. In order to form the structured location knowledge, the location knowledge of region on a map have to be connected to the multiple knowledge about absolute and relative locations with the knowledge of diverse location attributes. Therefore, it would be necessary that the location teaming for getting the characteristics of region have to be systematically accomplished departments of location-climate$^{\circ}{\mathbb{S}}$geographical features-region living figures.