• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1999년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.150.2-150
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• 1999

To investigate the weathering soil buffering capacities of the artificial acidic precipitation, the weathering soils and their leachate solutions were sampled from the host rocks(granite;GR, rhyolite;RH, gabbro;GA, basalt;BA, two serpentinite;SE1, SE2 and limestone;LI) and analyzed for pH and chemical properties. 1n the soil pH of the GR and RH ,the acidic rocks, were 5.02 and 5.95, respectively. And the GA and BA, basic rocks, were 6.52 and 7.57. The SE1 and SE2 were 8.90 and 8.89. While the LI was 7.84. These results means the typical soil pH properties by host rocks. After the artificial acidic precipitation input 5OOml, the average changes of soil leachate solutions treated by pH levels(pH 5.0, 4.0 and 3.0), were pH 5.73, 5.00 and 4.40. in GR soil, and pH 6.19, 5.99 and 5.57 in RH. GA were pH 6.31, 6.04 and 5.86, BA were pH 7.05, 6.85 and 6.56 and SE1 were pH 8.31, 8.26 and 7.71. SE2 were pH 8.29, 8.24 and 7.96. LI were pH 7.55, 7.46 and 6.79. The soil leachate pHs from volcanic rocks were higher than those from the plutonic rocks and GR soils showed greater response than other soils. With increasing 100ml input-solution, the soil leachate pHs were mainly decreased. Cation concentrations, CEC, EC and total nitrogen concentrations of RH and BA soils, the volcanic rocks, were higher than those of GR and GA soil, the plutonic rocks. On the contrary, Al concentrations of the GR and GA soils were higher than those of RH and BA soils, partly because of high quartz content in GR and Al content in the biotite and plagioclase in GA.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.573-583
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• 2021

Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects one-third of the world's population, has been reported to hijack host cell apoptotic machinery and promote either an anti- or proapoptotic program depending on the parasite virulence and load and the host cell type. However, little is known about the regulation of human FHs 74 small intestinal epithelial cell viability in response to T. gondii infection. Here we show that T. gondii RH strain tachyzoite infection or ESP treatment of FHs 74 Int cells induced apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress in host cells. Pretreatment with 4-PBA inhibited the expression or activation of key molecules involved in ER stress. In addition, both T. gondii and ESP challenge-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death were dramatically suppressed in 4-PBA pretreated cells. Our study indicates that T. gondii infection induced ER stress in FHs 74 Int cells, which induced mitochondrial dysfunction followed by apoptosis. This may constitute a potential molecular mechanism responsible for the foodborne parasitic disease caused by T. gondii.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.384-394
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• 2024

Background: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), known to latently infect the host's trigeminal ganglion, can lead to severe herpes encephalitis or asymptomatic infection, potentially contributing to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. The virus generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that significantly impact viral replication and induce chronic inflammation through NF-κB activation. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an oxidative stress regulator, can prevent and treat HSV-1 infection by activating the passive defense response in the early stages of infection. Methods and results: Our study investigated the antiviral effects of ginsenoside Rg5, an Nrf2 activator, on HSV-1 replication and several host cell signaling pathways. We found that HSV-1 infection inhibited Nrf2 activity in host cells, induced ROS/NF-κB signaling, and triggered inflammatory cytokines. However, treatment with ginsenoside Rg5 inhibited ROS/NF-κB signaling and reduced inflammatory cytokines through NRF2 induction. Interestingly, the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 suppressed the expression of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) and enhanced the expression of KEAP1 in HSV-1 infected cells. This led to the reversal of VP16 expression inhibition, a protein factor associated with HSV-1 infection, thereby promoting HSV-1 replication. Conclusion: These findings suggest for the first time that ginsenoside Rg5 may serve as an antiviral against HSV-1 infection and could be a novel therapeutic agent for HSV-1-induced neuroinflammation.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.179-190
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• 2023

Grapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, significantly damages vineyards and is one of the most devastating diseases affecting cultivated grapes worldwide. In this study, we characterized the phenotypic and molecular traits of 11 P. viticola isolates from four grape-growing regions in South Korea. Additionally, we investigated the diversity of pathogenicity among these isolates and conducted an assay to evaluate the response of grape cultivars to P. viticola infection. Lemon-shaped sporangia were identified in the collected isolates, which released zoospores into the suspension at room temperature. Within a few hours of inoculation, the zoospores developed germ tubes. We tested 11 P. viticola isolates for pathogenicity in 845 grape cultivars to screen for grape host resistance to downy mildew infection. Among the tested isolates, JN-9 showed the highest virulence. Grape cultivars displayed varying phenotypic reactions to P. viticola infection: approximately 7% were highly susceptible, 41% were susceptible, 20% were moderately susceptible, 8% were resistant, and 24% exhibited extreme resistance. Phylogenetic analysis based on four genomic regions (internal transcribed spacer 1 [ITS1], actin, beta-tubulin, and cytochrome c oxidase II) revealed a close evolutionary relationship among all the Korean isolates, forming a single monophyletic lineage. Notably, these isolates showed greater similarity to European isolates than to American isolates. This comprehensive study contributes to a deeper understanding of the identity and behavior of P. viticola, which is crucial for developing effective resistance strategies against this pathogen in grape cultivars cultivated in South Korea.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.257-273
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• 2019

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most widely grown and economically important vegetable crops in the world. Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is one of the recently emerged viruses of tomato distributed worldwide. ToCV-tomato interaction was investigated at the molecular level for determining changes in the expression of tomato genes in response to ToCV infection in this study. A cDNA library enriched with genes induced in response to ToCV infection were constructed and 240 cDNAs were sequenced from this library. The macroarray analysis of 108 cDNAs revealed that the expression of 92 non-redundant tomato genes was induced by 1.5-fold or greater in response to ToCV infection. The majority of ToCV-induced genes identified in this study were associated with a variety of cellular functions including transcription, defense and defense signaling, metabolism, energy, transport facilitation, protein synthesis and fate and cellular biogenesis. Twenty ToCV-induced genes from different functional groups were selected and induction of 19 of these genes in response to ToCV infection was validated by RT-qPCR assay. Finally, the expression of 6 selected genes was analyzed in different stages of ToCV infection from 0 to 45 dpi. While the expression of three of these genes was only induced by ToCV infection, others were induced both by ToCV infection and wounding. The result showed that ToCV induced the basic defense response and activated the defense signaling in tomato plants at different stages of the infection. Functions of these defense related genes and their potential roles in disease development and resistance to ToCV are also discussed.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2018

곤충의 면역반응에 대한 연구는 곤충 체내 침입한 미생물들과 직접 반응하는 기작들을 중심으로 연구되었다. 그러나 미생물들이 곤충 체내에 침입 한 후 발생되는 다양한 미생물 분비물질에 의한 곤충 면역반응의 시작여부 등에 대한 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 이를 위하여 흰점박이 꽃무지(Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis) 유충의 장내에 존재하는 공생균과 체외 병원균을 동일한 조건에서 배양 하고 다양한 분비물질들이 존재 할 거라 예상되는 배양액만을 분리, 유충에 주사하여 면역반응 여부를 조사하였다. 공생균 배양액을 주입한 유충들은 비교적 건강하고 면역반응도 발생하지 않았으나 병원균 배양액을 주입한 유충의 경우 150시간 후 60% 이상 사망하였고 주사된 자리도 짙은 갈색의 멜라닌화가 관찰 되었다. 이러한 면역반응은 과립혈구세포의 리소좀(Lysosomes) 활성화 여부로 재확인 하였다. 병원균 배양액이 주입된 유충들의 경우 12시간 후 리소좀이 ~50% 이상 활성화 되었으나 공생균 배양액이 주입된 유충들의 경우 ~5% 미만으로 활성화 되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 공생균 배양액내에는 기주면역반응을 유도하는 물질들이 없거나 량이 매우 적게 존재하는 것을 추측 할 수 있었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.426-438
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• 2016

Plant disease resistance occurs as a hypersensitive response (HR) at the site of attempted pathogen invasion. This specific event is initiated in response to recognition of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and subsequent PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Both PTI and ETI mechanisms are tightly connected with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and disease resistance that involves distinct biphasic ROS production as one of its pivotal plant immune responses. This unique oxidative burst is strongly dependent on the resistant cultivars because a monophasic ROS burst is a hallmark of the susceptible cultivars. However, the cause of the differential ROS burst remains unknown. In the study here, we revealed the plausible underlying mechanism of the differential ROS burst through functional understanding of the Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) AVR effector, AVR-Pii. We performed yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening using AVR-Pii as bait and isolated rice NADP-malic enzyme2 (Os-NADP-ME2) as the rice target protein. To our surprise, deletion of the rice Os-NADP-ME2 gene in a resistant rice cultivar disrupted innate immunity against the rice blast fungus. Malic enzyme activity and inhibition studies demonstrated that AVR-Pii proteins specifically inhibit in vitro NADP-ME activity. Overall, we demonstrate that rice blast fungus, M. oryzae attenuates the host ROS burst via AVR-Pii-mediated inhibition of Os-NADP-ME2, which is indispensable in ROS metabolism for the innate immunity of rice. This characterization of the regulation of the host oxidative burst will help to elucidate how the products of AVR genes function associated with virulence of the pathogen.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제9D권6호
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2002

무선 네트워킹 기술과 통신기기의 발달로 이동 컴퓨팅 환경이 보편화됨에 따라 제한된 대역폭의 절감과 빠른 응답시간, 그리고 확장성을 위해 이동 호스트는 지역 캐쉬를 이용한다. 이때 이동 호스트와 지구국간에 캐쉬된 데이터의 일관성 유지가 필요하며 이에 따라 많은 기법이 제안되고 있다. 기존의 일관성 기법은 탐지기반의 기법들이 수로 사용되며 잦은 접속단절을 고려해 주기적인 무효화 메시지를 브로드캐스트 하여 캐쉬 일관성을 유지한다. 하지만 이러한 기법들은 데이터의 정확성 검사에 따른 전송 메시지 수의 증가나 지연을 통한 철회 단계를 증가시키며 이동 호스트에 캐쉬된 데이터를 삭제함에 따라 자치성과 확장성이 떨어진다. 본 논문에서 제안된 기법은 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 페이지 요청 또는 완료시 갱신 연산이 일어난 객체에 대해 갱신 빈도를 참조하여 수행하도록 하였다. 따라서, 갱신 연산이 이루어지는 경우 비동기적으로 갱신 빈도에 따른 갱신의도 선언 또는 갱신을 선택적으로 수행할 수 있어 응답이 빠르고 철회 단계가 감소하는 장점을 갖는다. 또한 접속단절 이후 일괄적으로 진행되는 주기적인 무효화 메시지에 대해서도 갱신 빈도에 따라 선택적으로 삭제 또는 전파를 수행함으로써 자치성과 확장성을 높였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권6호통권86호
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• pp.847-858
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• 2007

ER-Golgi 분비 경로를 통해서 정확한 구조를 가지면서 post-translational modification 과정을 거친 재조합 단백질의 발현을 최대화하는 것은 ER stress반응에 대한 연구의 중요한 계기가 된다. 세포가 스트레스를 받지 않는 상태라도 ER stress signaling은 재조합 단백질의 생산량을 제한하고 품질을 떨어뜨리는 여러 가지 조건을 만들게 된다. ER stress signaling을 막는 여러 가지 방법들이 제시되고 있으며 표 2는 이러한 방법들 중 일부를 나타내고 있다. 일반적으로는 pro-survival 경로에 관련되어 있는 인자를 촉진하고 pro-apoptosis에 관련되어 있는 인자를 억제하는 것들이다. 그러나 ER stress 반응은 매우 복잡하고 적응과 사멸 기작(adaptation and elimination mechanism)의 중간 역할을 하기 때문에 ER stress에 관련된 주요 인자를 산업적으로 응용하기 위해선 이들의 기능에 대해 보다 깊은 연구가 이루어져야 한다. 현재까지 재조합단백질의 생산량을 최대한으로 높이는 방법은 ER stress 반응이 생기지 않도록 fed-batch process를 개선하고 세포 사멸 기작을 조절하며 단백질의 glycosylation 처리를 하는 것이다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1073-1084
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• 1999

이동 컴퓨팅 환경에서 이동 호스트는 제한된 대역폭을 효율적으로 사용하고 이동 트랜잭션의 응답 시간을 향상시키기 위하여 캐쉬를 이용한다. 그리고 이동 호스트에 캐슁된 데이타가 이동 지구국에서 갱신되면 이동 호스트의 캐쉬 일관성을 유지하기 위하여 이동 지구국은 무효화 메시지를 방송한다. 그러나 이동 지구국에서 주기적으로 무효화 메시지를 방송하는 방법은 이동 트랜잭션의 빠른 처리를 위하여 이동 지구국으로부터 데이타를 즉시 캐슁하는 경우에 이동 트랜잭션의 직렬가능한 수행을 보장할 수 없는 경우가 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 캐슁된 데이타를 이용하여 이동 트랜잭션을 수행하는 경우에 록을 이용하여 이동 트랜잭션의 직렬가능한 수행을 보장하는 UCL-MT 방법과 록 관리 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 UCL-MT 방법은 이동 트랜잭션을 완료하기 이전에 이동 트랜잭션이 접근한 데이타 정보를 이용하여 지구국에서 사이클을 탐지함으로써 이동 트랜잭션의 직렬가능한 수행을 보장한다. 또한 제안하는 록 관리 방법은 이용할 수 있는 대역폭의 크기에 따른 무효화 메시지 내용의 변화에 유연하게 적용될 수 있다. Abstract In mobile computing environments, a mobile host caches the data to use the narrow bandwidth efficiently and improve the response time of a mobile transaction. If the cached data in mobile host is updated at a mobile support station, the mobile support station broadcasts an invalidation message for maintaining the cache consistency of a mobile host. But when a mobile transaction accesses the data which is not in cache, if a mobile host caches the data immediately from a mobile support station for processing a mobile transaction rapidly, the method that a mobile support station broadcasts an invalidation message periodically, happens to the case that can not guarantee the serializable execution of a mobile transaction. In this paper, we propose the UCL-MT method and lock management method, as a mobile transaction is executed using cached data. Since, using the data a mobile transaction accessed, the UCL-MT method detects a cycle in a mobile support station before the completion of the mobile transaction, it guarantees the serializable execution of the mobile transaction. Also, proposing lock management method can be adapted flexibly at the change of invalidation message content, according to the available bandwidth.