• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.38.1-38.24
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• 2022

Exosomes, which are well-known nanoscale extracellular vesicles, are multifunctional biomaterials derived from endosomes and perform various functions. The exosome is a critical material in cell-cell communication. In addition, it regulates the pathophysiological conditions of the tumor microenvironment in particular. In the tumor microenvironment, exosomes play a controversial role in supporting or killing cancer by conveying biomaterials derived from parent cells. Innate immunity is a crucial component of the host defense mechanism, as it prevents foreign substances, such as viruses and other microbes and tumorigenesis from invading the body. Early in the tumorigenesis process, the innate immunity explicitly recognizes the tumor via Ags and educates the adaptive immunity to eliminate it. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes regulate immunity in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-derived exosomes regulate immunity against tumor progression and metastasis. Furthermore, tumor-derived exosomes regulate polarization, differentiation, proliferation, and activation of innate immune cells. Exosomes produced from innate immune cells can inhibit or support tumor progression and metastasis via immune cell activation and direct cancer inhibition. In this study, we investigated current knowledge regarding the communication between tumor-derived exosomes and innate immune cell-derived exosomes (from macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and neutrophils) in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, we discussed the potential development of exosomal immunotherapy using native or engineered exosomes against cancer.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제25권8A호
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• pp.1096-1103
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• 2000

모빌 컴퓨팅에서는 모빌 호스트의 위치와 상태관리를 위하여 디폴트 서버기법이 널리 사용되는데 모빌 호스트로 전송되는 데이터는 먼저 디폴트 서버에 문의하여 해당 모빌호스트가 위치하는 로컬 서보로 전송된다. 디폴트 서버기법에 기반을 둔 SDN(single Default Notification) 기법에서는 클라이언트가 모빌 호스트와의 연결요청을 하면 쿼리서버를 통해 해당 디폴트 서버에 모빌 호스트의 위치 및 상태를 문의한 후 통신이 이뤄진다. 그러나 퀴리횟수가많고 디폴트 서버와의 거리가 멀거나 기지국의 수가 많을 경우 디폴트 서버와의 통신 오버헤드가 커지며 디폴트 서버에 결함이 발생할 경우 해당 모빌 호스트와의 연결이 불가능해진다 본 논문에서는 위와 같은 문제점을 해결하기 위해 디폴트 서버와의 통신비용을 줄이기 위한 디폴트 서버 중첩 기법에 제안한다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1989

유전물질의 총합체인 염색체의 분리와 분석을 정확히 하여 유전인자의 위치를 밝히고 또한 유전자조작 기술을 이용할 수 있는 방법을 구명하여 닭의 능력개양을 꾀하기 위해서 실시된 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 1. 백혈구 배양을 통하며 염색체를 분리하고 Giemsa banding을 통한 염색체 분석에서 1번 염색체의 경우 20층에 달하는 banding pattern을 발견할 수 있는 정확한 분석으로 1∼9번, 성염색체의 정상 banding pattern을 밝힐 수 있었고 C-banding의 결과 모든 염색체에서 유전자 작용이 없는 constitutive heterochromatin의 위치를 밝힐 수 있었다. 2. 유전자 조작 기술 중 중요한 단계인 genetic vector로서 닭의 원시생식세포(Primodial germ cell, PGC)를 이용하기 위하여 genetic marker로서 3배체의 염색체를 가친 PGC를 정상 host embryo에 이식시켜서 성장중인 host embryo의 성선에서 donor PGC의 genetic marker(3n)가 발견됨으로써 PGC를 이용한 가금의 유전자 조작이 가능함을 밝혔다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.291-301
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• 2005

Objective : Anticancerous and host safety effects of the combination of Astragali Radix and chlorambucil are studied when it is applied to leukemia cell(P388D1 cell) related disease. Methods : After 5 groups of mice are treated by respective procedures (HG, CHL, HG+CHL, etc), the quantitative analyses (cell proliferation assay, mutagenesis test, survival rate, weight shift observation, tissue and blood analyses, etc) are conducted. Results : While sole injection of Astragali Radix extends the survival period and deter the liver and marrow function deterioration, combined injection (HG+CHL) shows more strong anticancerous effect than sole injection of Astragali Radix or Cholrambucil, and also does not cause any mutation on the normal cells and virulence on marrow and liver caused by leukemia. Conclusions : The combined application of Astragali Radix and chlorambucil has more effective anticancerous and host safety effects than independent use of them.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:정보통신
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.88-97
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• 2000

이동 컴퓨팅 기술에 멀티캐스팅 기법을 적용하게 되는 경우, 고정 네트워크에서 멀티캐스트 수행 시 발생하지 않는 여러 문제점들이 발생하게 되는데, 그 중 하나로 이동 호스트가 새로운 셀로 진입할 때 해당 셀에 같은 멀티캐스트 그룹의 멤버가 존재하지 않는다면 호스트가 멀티캐스트 그룹에 새로 가입 할 때 발생하는 참가 지연(join delay)과 접합 지연(graft delay)을 추가적으로 겪게 된다. 뿐만 아니라, 낮은 대역폭과 에러율이 높은 전송 매체의 특성으로 인한 잦은 수신 확인과 패킷 재전송은 많은 부가 트래픽을 발생시킨다. 본 논문에서는 이동 지원국의 신호세기에 따라 이동 호스트가 이동하게 될 셀의 이동 지원국이 미리 멀티캐스트 그룹에 가입하는 예측 가입 기법과 송신자와 이동 지원국, 이동 지원국과 이동 호스트 사이의 수신 확인을 별개로 수행하는 다단계 수신 확인 전략을 제안한다. 이 기법은 주변에 멀티캐스트 그룹의 멤버가 존재하지 않는 셀이 많아지고 이동 호스트의 이동성이 적을수록 좋은 효율을 보인다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2000

Staphylococcus aureus infections are often life-threatening. Relatively little is known about the host response to these infections, in particular, the implication of apoptosis induced by this microorganism. In this study, we have shown that S. aureus was cytotoxic to J774A.1 cell, a murine macrophage cell line. The cell death mediated by S. aureus occurred through apoptosis, as shown by increase in the proportion of fragmented host cell DNA. Although phagocytosis and NO production had important role in the induction of apoptosis, the contact between bacteria and host cells was not essential for this pathway. A certain bacterial product could also induce typical caspase-dependent apoptosis of J774A.1 cell. It is expected that new interpretation may be possible to host-parasite relationship based on these results.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2003

본논문은 ATM/AAL 처리를 위한 재조립 처리기으 설계 및 VLSI 구현에 대하여 기술한다. ATM/AAL 재조립 처리기는 물리계층으로부터 수신된 ATM셀을 처리하는 장치로서 AAL5 패킷의 유료부하를 호스트의 메모리에 정렬하고 이를 전송하며 망 관련 정보와 패킷의 오류 사항을 점검한다. ATM 셀매칭 알고리즘과 지능형 분산 방식의 개념을 적용하여 여러 개의 채널을 동시에 운영할 때 시간 지연 없이 처리할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 셀매칭 알고리즘은 ATM의 헤더로부터 해당정보의 위치를 신속하게 찾을 수 있도록 해쉬함수를 이용하여 구현되었고 이로써 VCI/VPI 값의 할당에 있어서 시간상의 제약을 완화하였으며 지능형 분산 방식과 DMA를 이용하여 메모리의 낭비를 최소화하면서 데이터를 호스트 쪽으로 25Mbps의 속도로 전송이 가능하도록 하였다. 상용시스템과 통신을 수행하여 칩의 정확한 동작과 CRC, 오류 점검 등의 동작을 점검하였다. 본 재조립 처릭는 0.6㎛ CMOS 공정을 통하여 제작되었다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.14.1-14.26
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• 2024

The inflammatory response during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) involves immune and non-immune cell cooperation to contain and eliminate Leishmania parasites. The orchestration of these responses is coordinated primarily by CD4⁺ T cells; however, the disease outcome depends on the Th cell predominant phenotype. Although Th1 and Th2 phenotypes are the most addressed as steers for the resolution or perpetuation of the disease, Th17 cell activities, especially IL-17 release, are recognized to be vital during CL development. Th17 cells perform vital functions during both acute and chronic phases of CL. Overall, Th17 cells induce the migration of phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) to the infection site and CD8⁺ T cells and NK cell activation. They also provoke granzyme and perforin secretion from CD8⁺ T cells, macrophage differentiation towards an M2 phenotype, and expansion of B and Treg cells. Likewise, immune cells from the inflammatory infiltrate have modulatory activities over Th17 cells involving their differentiation from naive CD4⁺ T cells and further expansion by generating a microenvironment rich in optimal cytokines such as IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-21. Th17 cell activities and synergies are crucial for the resistance of the infection during the early and acute stages; however, if unchecked, Th17 cells might lead to a chronic stage. This review discusses the synergies between Th17 cells and the inflammatory infiltrate and how these interactions might destine the course of CL.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2002

Hepatitis B viral infection which affect about 10% of Korean population manifests asymptomatic carrier, chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis and even associates with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical manifestations induced by hepatitis B virus vary depending on the degree of immune response by cytotoxic T cells against viral epitope-presenting liver cells. Since hepatitis B virus presents high rate of mutaton that might change the presented epitope and eventually alter immune response, viral mutations, especially in promoters and enhancers, have an important implication in hepatic inflammation and viral replication. To identify mutations related to the hepatic inflammation, we investigated sequence variations of hepatitis B viral promotor regions in the presence or absence of symptoms in hepatitis B carriers. For this, sera from persistently hepatitis B virus-infected mother-child pairs were collected. After PCR amplifiation of all hepatitis B viral promoters (C promoter, S1 promoter, S2/S promoter, X promoter) using serum DNA from each pair, viral promotors were sequenced by automatic sequencer and then sequence data were analyzed by ClustalW. In most cases, the dominant type of maternal virus was transmitted to the child. However, in some children, some new host specific viral variants could be observed in Cp, S1p and S2/Sp. The mutations in C promoter did not seem to be vertically transmitted but arose in new host independently after the wild type had been transmitted. Enhancer I containing X promoter revealed high host specific variations as has been reported before. Two S promoters, S1p and S2/Sp, have shown some point mutations in children, but no deletion mutations were detected as in chronic hepatitis patients in whom deletion mutations are frequently found. In conclusion, the children with the vertically transmitted hepatitis B virus mostly retain the dominant type virus that had been transmitted. However, host specific variants tended to accumulate over time, possibly as clinical symptoms develop.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.405-418
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• 2007

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) have been though to be multipotent cells that can replicate that have the potential to differentiate into lineages of mesenchymal tissue including the bone, cartilage, fat, tendon, muscle, and marrow stroma. Especially, scaffolds to support cell-based tissue engineering are critical determinants of clinical efforts to regenerate and repair the body. Selection of a matrix carrier imvolves consideration of the matrix's role as a scaffold for physical support and host tissue integration as well as its ability to support of synergize the osteoinductive program of the implanted mesenchymal stem cell. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of autobone and Bio-$Oss^{(R)}$ to adherent mesenchymal stem cells as scaffolds on sinus augmentation with fibrin glue mixture in a rabbit model. 16 New Zealand White rabbits were divided randomly into 4 groups based on their time of sacrifice(1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks). First, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from iliac crest marrow of rabbits and expanded in vitro. Cell culture was performed in accordance with the technique described by Tsutsumi et al. In the present study, the animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation, and the bone formation ability of each sides was evaluated clinically, radiologically, histologically and histomorphologically. According to the histological observations, autobone scaffolds group showed integrated graft bone with host bone from sinus wall. At 2 and 4 weeks, it showed active newly formed bone and neovascularization. At 8 weeks, lamellae bone was observed in sinus graft material area. Radiologically, autobone with stem cell showed more radiopaque than Bio-$Oss^{(R)}$ scaffolds group. there were significant differences in bone volume between 4 and 8 weeks(p<0.05).