• 한국안전학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2009

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of horizontal, vertical, asymmetric and coupling multipliers for manual material handling. Lifting tasks with 5 different horizontal distances ($30{\sim}70cm$) for 6 vertical distances(ankle, knee, waist, elbow, shoulder and head height) were experimented. The muscle activity and muscle exertion level during asymmetric load handling(without trunk flexion) was experimented. Lifting tasks with and without handle tote box for three postures(straight, bending, right angle posture) were experimented. The degrading tendency did not appeared almost in $60{\sim}70cm$ interval's horizontal distance. As a result of ANOVA, MVC paid attention to horizontal and vertical distance but cross effect was insignificant(p<0.01). The change of the MVC according to the horizontal, vertical distance appeared similar from of RWL. The results of normalized MVC measurement were decreased about 16%, 24%, 34% respectively as the asymmetry angle was $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$. RMS EMG values of right erector spinae muscles were decreased as the work posture went to $90^{\circ}$ and those of left erector spinae muscles were increased until the asymmetry angle was $40^{\circ}$ but decreased continually over $40^{\circ}$. 7 subjects, activities of left and right latissimus dorsi muscles were maintained constantly, while for remainer, those were irregular. MVC reduced maximum 23% by type of handle. MVC was highest in straight posture, but was lowest in right angle posture. As a result of ANOVA, MVC paid attention to posture, coupling(p<0.01). To all handle types, biceps brachii activity was increased in right angle posture, but reduced in straight posture. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the NIOSH guideline should not be directly applied to Korean without reasonable reexamination. In addition, we need to afterward study through an age classification.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.2289-2295
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• 2005

Two-Phase flow pattern and pressure drop data were obtained for pure refrigerants R134a and R123 and their mixtures as test fluids in a horizontal tube. The flow pattern is observed through tubular sight glasses located at inlet and outlet of the test section. The flow map of Baker developed for air-water two-phase flow at atmospheric pressure failed to predict the observed flow patterns at the higher value of the mass velocity used in the present study. The map of Kattan et al. predicted the data well over the entire region of mass velocity selected in the present study. The measured pressure drop increased with an increase in vapor quality and mass velocity. A new two-phase multiplier was developed from a dimensional analysis of the frictional pressure drop data measured in the present experiment. This new multiplier was found successfully to correlate the frictional pressure drop.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.70-78
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• 2004

An experimental study on the pressure drop during flow boiling for pure refrigerants Rl34a and R123, and their mixture was carried out in a uniformly heated horizontal tube. Tests were run at a pressure of 0.6㎫ and in the ranges of heat flux 5-50㎾/$m^2$, vapor quality 0-100 percent and mass velocity of 150-600 kg/$m^2$s. Generally, the two-phase frictional multiplier is used to predict the frictional pressure drop during the two-phase flow boiling. The obtained results have been compared to the existing various correlations for the two-phase multiplier. Also, the frictional pressure drop was compared to a few available correlations; The Lockhart-Martinelli correlation considerally overpredicted the frictional pressure drop data for mixture as well as pure components in the entire mass velocity ranges employed in the present study, while the Chisholm correlation underpredicted the present data. The Friedel correlation was found to satisfactorily correlate the frictional pressure drop data except for a low quality region.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1219-1226
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• 2001

Pressure drops were measured for the flow boiling process within horizontal rectangular channels. The gap between the upper and the lower plates of each channel ranges from 0.4 to 2mm while the channel width being fixed to 20mm. Refrigerant 113 was used as the test fluid. The mass flux ranges from 50 to 200kg/㎡s and the channel walls were uniformly heated up to 15kW/㎡. The quality range covers from 0.15 to 0.75. The present experimental conditions coincide with the operating conditions of compact heat exchangers in which the liquid and gas flows are laminar and turbulent. The measured results were well represented by the two-phase frictional multiplier of Lee (2001) which has been developed for air-water two-phase flows within the deviation of $\pm$20%.

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.267-273
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• 2009

본 논문은 WDR(Wide Dynamic Range)의 구현을 위한, 나눗셈기를 사용하지 않은 가변적 평균기의 설계에 관한 것이다. 이전에 제안하였던 평균기 [5]는 나눗셈기를 곱셈기로 대체함으로써 하드웨어의 복잡도 및 하드웨어 자원의 효율성을 향상시켰다. 하지만 기존에 제안한 구조는 가로와 세로의 길이를 측정하고, 사용자에 의해 Mode에 설정되어 있는 기본 영상의 크기와 정확히 일치할 경우에만 동작이 가능하다는 단점이 있었다. 본 논문은 이러한 기존 평균기의 단점을 보완하기 위하여, 영상의 전체 크기를 이용하여 Mode를 선택하도록 하였다. 또한 특정 크기의 영상에만 적용되는 것이 아니라 다양한 크기의 영상에 대해서도 적용 가능하도록 제안한다. 특히, 보다 정확한 평균값을 구하기 위하여 외부 보상 값을 추가하였다. Verilog-HDL을 이용하여 설계하였으며, 합성결과를 통해 Serial multiplier의 구조가 좀 더 하드웨어 크기와 자원의 효율성이 높은 것을 확인하였다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.510-517
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• 2003

An experimental study on the pressure drop during flow boiling for pure refrigerants R134a and Rl23, and their mixture was carried out in a uniformly heated horizontal tube. Tests were run at a pressure of 0.6 MPa and in the ranges of heat flux 5~50 kW/m$^2$, vapor quality 0~100 percent and mass velocity of 150~600 kg/m$^2$s. Generally, the two-phase frictional multiplier is used to predict the frictional pressure drop during the two-phase flow boiling. The obtained results have been compared to the existing various correlations for the two-phase multiplier. Also, the frictional pressure drop was compared to a few available correlations; The Lockhart-Martinelli correlation considerally overpredicted the frictional pressure drop data for mixture as well as pure components in the entire mass velocity ranges employed in the present study, while the Chisholm correlation underpredicted the present data. The Friedel correlation was found to satisfactorily correlate the frictional pressure drop data except for a low quality region.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 풍화토 지반에 설치된 수평하중을 받는 H-pile 무리말뚝의 하중분담특성 및 상호작용계수(p-multiplier)를 분석하였다. 말뚝의 배열($2{\times}3$, $3{\times}3$), 말뚝의 간격(2D, 4D, 6D), 그리고 지반밀도(상대밀도:40%, 80%)를 고려한 수평재하 실험을 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 무리말뚝내 각각의 말뚝에 작용된 평균수평하중은 말뚝의 수가 감소할수록 평균수평저항력이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 말뚝간격과 지반밀도에 따라 단말뚝과 무리말뚝의 p-y곡선을 분석한 결과 말뚝간격이 2D에서 6D로 증가함에 따라 무리말뚝의 상호작용계수값이 느슨한 지반의 경우 0.85~0.94(앞열말뚝), 0.57~0.79(중간말뚝), 0.60~0.71(후열말뚝), 조밀한 지반의 경우 0.76~0.82(앞열말뚝), 0.58~0.73(중간말뚝), 0.53~0.70(후열말뚝)의 값을 각각 나타냈다. 이와같이 단말뚝과 무리말뚝간 상호작용계수는 말뚝간격이 증가할수록 그 값이 증가함을 알 수 있었으며, 또한 앞열의 무리말뚝이 중간 및 후열말뚝들보다 보다 큰 상호작용계수 값을 나타냈다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제47권12호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2010

이 논문에서는 디지털 필터의 저전력 구현을 위한 새로운 DA(Distributed Arithmetic) 필터 구조를 제안한다. 제안된 구조는 입력샘플 비트 포맷에서 수직 방향으로 연산하는 기존의 DA 구조와는 달리 입력샘플 비트를 수평 방향으로 연산하여 ROM이 필요 없으며 Modified booth 알고리즘의 작용이 가능한 저전력 필터 구조이다 이와 더불어 제안된 필터 구조는 ROM이 필요 없게 되므로 고정된 필터 계수용 필터 뿐 아니라 변하는 필터계수를 갖는 필터 구현에 적용이 가능하다. 제안된 DA 구조와 기존의 DA 구조를 사용하여 20 탭 필터를 Verilog-HDL을 사용하여 구현하였으며, Synopsis로 논리합성한 결과 기존 구조에 비하여 41.6%의 구현 면적 감소효과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.758-765
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• 2003

An experimental investigation on the flow pattern and pressure drop was carried out for both an adiabatic and a diabatic two-phase flow in a horizontal tube with pure refrigerants R134a and R123 and their mixtures as test fluids. The observed flow patterns were compared to the flow pattern map of Kattan et al., which predicted well the present data over the entire regions of mass velocity in this study. The measured frictional pressure drop in the adiabatic experiments increased with an increase in vapor quality and mass velocity These data were compared to various correlations proposed in the past for the frictional pressure drop. The Chisholm correlation underpredicted the present data both for pure fluids and their mixtures in the entire mass velocity range of 150 to 600 kg/m$^2$s covered in the measurements, white the Friedel correlation was found to overpredict the present data in the stratified and stratified-wavy flow region, and to underpredict in the annular flow region.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.205-224
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• 2015

A new method for designing moment resisting concrete frames failing in a global mode is presented in this paper. Starting from the analysis of the typical collapse mechanisms of frames subjected to horizontal forces, the method is based on the application of the kinematic theorem of plastic collapse. The beam section properties are assumed to be known quantities, because they are designed to resist vertical loads. As a consequence, the unknowns of the design problem are the column sections. They are determined by means of design conditions expressing that the kinematically admissible multiplier of the horizontal forces corresponding to the global mechanism has to be the smallest among all kinematically admissible multipliers. In addition, the proposed design method includes the influence of second-order effects. In particular, second-order effects can play an important role in the seismic design and can be accounted for by means of the mechanism equilibrium curves of the analysed collapse mechanism. The practical application of the proposed methodology is herein presented with reference to the design of a multi-storey frame whose pattern of yielding is validated by means of push-over analysis.