• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.129-137
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• 2020

In this study, we applied biodegradable drug delivery carries (BDDC) for food-and-mouth (FMD) vaccination. After FMD vaccination using BDDC, we estimated the percentage inhibition (PI) of antibody, decomposed patterns, and histopathologic features of BDDC. PI of antibody was higher than 50 at two weeks after injection and sustained positive PI until 10 weeks after injection. BBDC injection group showed significantly an increased pattern of blood monocyte at two and three weeks after injection. According to the Micro CT, micro-cracks were observed at two weeks after injection and the morphology of BDDC was lost at four weeks after injection. For histopathological examination, acute inflammation with neutrophil infiltration and micro-metallic residues were observed around BDDC until four weeks after injection and inflammatory responses gradually decreased at 10 weeks. Based on our experiment, BDDC is considered as an alternative way to vaccine injection for veterinary applications. Our study can be used as basic data for the drug delivery system using biodegradable metals in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2020

Although microscopic analysis of tissue slides has been the basis for disease diagnosis for decades, intra- and inter-observer variabilities remain issues to be resolved. The recent introduction of digital scanners has allowed for using deep learning in the analysis of tissue images because many whole slide images (WSIs) are accessible to researchers. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of a deep learning-based, fully automated, computer-aided diagnosis system with WSIs from a stomach adenocarcinoma dataset. Three different convolutional neural network architectures were tested to determine the better architecture for tissue classifier. Each network was trained to classify small tissue patches into normal or tumor. Based on the patch-level classification, tumor probability heatmaps can be overlaid on tissue images. We observed three different tissue patterns, including clear normal, clear tumor and ambiguous cases. We suggest that longer inspection time can be assigned to ambiguous cases compared to clear normal cases, increasing the accuracy and efficiency of histopathologic diagnosis by pre-evaluating the status of the WSIs. When the classifier was tested with completely different WSI dataset, the performance was not optimal because of the different tissue preparation quality. By including a small amount of data from the new dataset for training, the performance for the new dataset was much enhanced. These results indicated that WSI dataset should include tissues prepared from many different preparation conditions to construct a generalized tissue classifier. Thus, multi-national/multi-center dataset should be built for the application of deep learning in the real world medical practice.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2000

Objectives: Primary malignant tumors in the salivary glands are relatively rare. Because of the rarity and the different histopathologic patterns, it is difficult to establish a uniform treatment strategy. The prime treatment of salivary gland malignancy is the surgery, but the role of radiotherapy has been under debate. Radiation therapy combined with conservative surgical procedures may be as successful and perhaps more rational treatment than radical surgery alone. The aim of this study is to evaluate clinical pattern, incidence, treatment modality and outcome of the salivary gland maligancy. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 32 patients with malignant neoplasm of salivary gland who treated at the Keimyung university Dongsan hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The overall 5 year survival rate was 77.9% stage I : 100%, stage II : 75%, stage III : 66.7%, stage IV : 55.6%). The 5 year survival rate according to tumor grade was 100% in low grade malignancy, 71.8% in high grade malignancy. The 5 year survival rate according to treatment modalities was as follows: Surgery only group was 83.3%, combined treatment group with surgery and posoperative radiation was 74.6%. Conclusion: The factors affecting prognosis is variable, but the stage at the time of diagnosis, site of lesion, tumor grade, histologic subtype were important factors. Surgery was the prime treatment tool and postoperative radiotherapy was also imperative in higher stage patient, high grade tumor, or patients with positive surgical margin.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 2006

The KFDA (Korea Food & Drug Administration) has performed a collaborative toxico-genomics project since 2003. Its aim is to construct a toxicologenomic database of 12 hepatotoxic compounds from mice livers. Phenylbutazone which is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug was assigned. It was administered at low (0.0238 mg/kg) and at high (0.238 mg/kg) dose (5 mice per group) orally to the postnatal 6 weeks ICR mice, then the serum and liver were collected at the indicated time (6, 24 and 72 h) after administration. Serum biochemical markers for liver toxicity were measured and histopathologic studies also were carried out. The gene expression profiling was carried out by using Applied Biosystems 1700 Full Genome Expression Mouse. The 2-way ANOVA was used to find genes that reflected phenylbutazone-induced acute toxicity or dose-dependant changes. By self-organization maps (SOM), we identified groups with unique gene expression patterns, some of them are supposed to be related to phenylbutazone induced toxicity, including lipid metabolism abnormality, oxidative stress, cell death and cytoskeleton destruction.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 1996

We have characterized 4 human squamous carcinoma cell lines established from the larynx and hypopharynx area. All the cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium. During the growth they showed monolayer adherence pattern in culture flask. They showed tonofilament on transmission electromicroscopy which is characteristic of squamous cell epithelium. DNA finger-printing using Hinf-l proved them to be originated from different beings. Flow cytometric analysis revealed them to show aneuploidy. Immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin was done using CK1, CK8.13, CK19 and CAM5.2 antibody, and produced various patterns of positivity. All the cell lines showed varying degrees of tumorigenecity in athymic nude mice when injected subcutaneously, but only heterotransplanted SNU-1041 cell line showed continuous tumor growth. Histopathologic findings of the heterotransplanted tumors were identical to those of the original tumors of patients. This study suggests that establishment of many different squamous cell lines might bestow great capability in researches of the head and neck cancer.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2002

For the induction of arthropathy, 5% hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) was injected for 5 weeks into the intraarticular space of the New Zealand white rabbits to damage articular cartilage. Alginic acid of low molecular weight (2%) made from macromolecular alginate treated with enzyme was administered into articular space at the dose of 5 mg/kg twice a week for 3 and 6 weeks using 1 ml syringe and 26 G needle. Saline was injected for the control. Tissues surrounding the articulation were obtained for the measurements of superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity as a major antioxidant enzyme and malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation level. Histopathologic examination on the surface of articular cartilage was carried out. Data showed that injection of hydrogen peroxide for 5 weeks had led to the induction of free radical damage and of articular cartilage change as confirmed by microscopic observation. The application of hydrogen peroxide caused a gradual increase in the SODs and MDA. These patterns were similar after 3 and 6 weeks of alginate treatment. Furthermore, microscopic examinations revealed that hydrogen peroxide caused flaking, fibrillation, fissuring, denudation, and hypocellularity in the articular surfaces. In conclusion, lipid peroxidation was demonstrated in the articular cartilage by the administration of hydrogen peroxide in the rabbit model. This lipid peroxidation could be caused by oxygen free radicals. The histologic and enzymatic correlations on lipid peroxidation in the articulation have provided a better understanding of arthropathy. It is possible to take advantage of these findings to evaluate effective alginate dosage more efficiently.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2303-2307
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• 2014

Background: Renal cancer is a serious public health problem which may be under reported and registered in our setup, since the Karachi cancer registry documented only 43 cases out of 4,268 incident cancer cases over 3 year duration. Therefore we aimed to determine the clinicopathologic characteristics of adult renal tumors in our setup. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in histopathology department, Liaquat National Hospital and included total of 68 cases of adult renal tumors over 4 years. Detailed histopathologic characteristics of tumors were analyzed. Results: Mean age of patients was 56.4 (18-84) years. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was the most common cell type (78%) cases; followed by transitional/urothelial carcinoma (12.5%), leiomyosarcoma (4.7%), oncocytoma (1.6%), squamous cell carcinoma (1.6%) and high grade pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma (1.6%). Among 50 RCC cases; 62% were conventional/clear cell RCC (CCRCC) type followed by papillary RCC(PRCC), 24%; chromophobe RCC(CRCC), 6% and sarcomatoid RCC(SRCC), 8%. Mean tumor size for RCC was 7.2 cm. Most RCCs were intermediate to high grade (60% and 40% respectively). Capsular invasion, renal sinus invasion, adrenal gland involvement and renal vein invasion was seen in 40%, 18%, 2% and 10% of cases respectively. Conclusions: We found that RCC presents at an earlier age in our setup compared to Western populations. Tumor size was significantly larger and most of the tumors were of intermediate to high grade. This reflects late presentation of patients after disease progression which necessitates effective measures to be taken in primary care setup to diagnose this disease at an early stage.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 1993

During the period from January, 1975, to June, 1989, one hundred patients with histopathologically proven polymorphic reticulosis in the upper respiratory tract were treated with radiation therapy and the analysis of treatmemt results was undertaken. One hundred patients (69 males, 31 females) with a mean age of 46 years (range 12-79 years) were presented. Nasal cavity was the most frequent site of involvement ($56{\%}$), and 44 cases had multifocal sites of involvement. The incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis at initial diagnosis was $24{\%}$. Staging was determined by Ann-Arbor classification, retrospectively. The number of patients of stage IE, IIE, IIIE and IVE were 35, 60, 1, and 4, respectively. The overall 5 year actuarial survival rates were $38.4{\%}$. The difference in 5 year survival rates between patients with stage IE and IIE, with solitary and multiple, with CR and PR after irradiation were significant statistically. For the analysis of failure patterns, failure sites include the following: local failure alone (30/55=$54.6{\%}$), systemic failure alone (9/55=$16.4{\%}$), both local and systemic failure (16/55=$29.0{\%}$). Retrograde slide review was available in 29 cases of PMR with respect to histopathologic bases, and immunohistochemical studies were performed using MT1 and DACO-UCHL-1 as T-cell markers, MB2 as a B-cell marker and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin as a histiocytic markers. All that 29 cases showed characteristic histologic features similar to those of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and showed positive reactio to the T-cell marker. These findings suggest strongly that quite a significant portion of PMR may be in fact T-cell lymphoma.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.287-294
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• 2012

Background: Biologic valved grafts are important in cardiac surgery, and although several types of graft are currently available, most commercial xenografts tend to cause early disfiguration due to intimal proliferation and calcification. We studied the graft failure patterns on non-fixed and glutaraldehyde-fixed pulmonary xenograft in vivo animal experiment. Materials and Methods: Pulmonary valved conduits were obtained from the right ventricular outflow tract of eleven miniature pigs. The grafts were subjected to 2 different preservation methods; with or without glutaraldehyde fixation: glutaraldehyde fixation (n=7) and non-glutaraldehyde fixation (n=4). The processed explanted pulmonary valved grafts of miniature pig were then transplanted into eleven goats. Calcium quantization was achieved in all of the explanted xenograft, hemodynamic, histopathologic and radiologic evaluations were performed in the graft which the transplantation period was over 300 days (n=7). Results: Grafts treated with glutaraldehyde fixation had more calcification and conduit obstruction in mid-term period. Calcium deposition also appeared much higher in the glutaraldehyde treated graft compared to the non-glutaraldehyde treated graft (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study suggests that xenografts prepared using glutaraldehyde fixation alone appeared to have severe calcification compared to the findings of non-glutaraldehyde treated xenografts and to be managed with proper anticalcification treatment and novel preservation methods. This experiment gives the useful basic chemical, histologic data of xenograft failure model with calcification for further animal study.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 1997

Objectives: Calcification of the thyroid nodule has been reported to have a close relationship with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, however there are limited studies on the relationship between the calcified thyroid nodule and thyroid malignancy. The authors studied the clinical significance of calcification within the thyroid nodule. Materials and Methods: There were total of 60 patients who underwent surgery for calcified thyroid nodules which were identified from plain neck X-ray, ultrasound and computed tomography during the period January 1991 to June 1996 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of Korea University Hospital. Six patients were not included because of recurrence and previous thyroid surgery. Histopathologic and radiologic analysis was done on the remaining 54 patients. Results: Results showed that 25 of 54 cases(46%) to be malignant histopathologically. Of the 25 malignant cases, papillary carcinoma was the most common with 22 cases followed by 2 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma and I case of medullary carcinoma. Statistically high incidence of malignancy was observed when the consistency of calcified thyroid nodule was solid, shape of calcification was irregular and inhomogenous, and adhesion of calcified thyroid nodule to the regional structure was present. Conclusion: The probability that a thyroid nodule is malignant has been reported to be 3­20%. However, about half of the thyroid nodules with calcification found to be malignant on this study, calcification of the thyroid nodule can be used as a guideline for detecting thyroid malignancy.