• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1429-1436
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was performed in cultured rat hippocampal neurons to investigate the acute electrophysiological features of ionotropic glutamate receptors which act as a major excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. Method : Glutamate receptor agonists were applied into the bath solution embedding in whole-cell patch-clamp recording of single hippocampal neuron. Results : In voltage-clamped at -60mV and the presence of 1mmol $Mg^{2+}$, extracellulary applied NMDA did not induce any inward current. Both the elimination of $Mg^{2+}$ and addition of glycine in bath, however, elicited a NMDAinduced inward current. $Mg^{2+}$ block current was increased gradually in more negative potentials from -30mV, showing a negative slope in I-V plot with $Mg^{2+}$. Glutamate-induced current represented an outward rectification. A non-NMDA receptor component occupied about 40% of glutamate-induced current in the voltage range of -80mV to +60mV. Conclusion : Present study suggests that glutamate activates acutely the non-NMDA receptors which induces an inward current in the level of resting membrane potential. This makes the membrane potential increase and can activate the NMDA receptors that permit calcium influx against $Mg^{2+}$ block. At the depolarized state of neuron, there may be recovery mechanisms of membrane potential to repolarize irrespective of voltage-dependent potassium channels in the hippocampal neurons.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.43.2-43.2
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• 2006

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.447-450
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• 2003

To clerify the cytotoxicity of reactive oxygen species in cultured hippocampal neurons of neonatal mouse, toxic effect was measured by MTT assay after cultured cells were incubated for 3 hours in the media containing 1～40 μM concentrations of H₂O₂. In addition, the protective effect of vitamin E was determined in these cultrures. Cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner after exposure of 10 μM H₂O₂ to cultured mouse hippocampal neurons for 5 hours. In the protective effect of vitamin E, vitamin E prevented the H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in these cultures. From these results, it suggests that H₂O₂ has toxic effect in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons and vitamin E has protective effect on the cytotoxicity induced by H₂O₂.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.42 no.5 s.305
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• pp.55-62
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• 2005

In this paper, we propose the face recognition system using HNMA(Hippocampal Neuron Modeling Algorithm) which can remodel the cerebral cortex and hippocampal neuron as a principle of a man's brain in engineering, then it can learn the feature-vector of the face images very fast and construct the optimized feature each image. The system is composed of two parts. One is feature-extraction and the other is teaming and recognition. In the feature extraction part, it can construct good-classified features applying PCA(Principal Component Analysis) and LDA(Linear Discriminants Analysis) in order. In the learning part, it cm table the features of the image data which are inputted according to the order of hippocampal neuron structure to reaction-pattern according to the adjustment of a good impression in the dentate gyrus region and remove the noise through the associate memory in the CA3 region. In the CA1 region receiving the information of the CA3, it can make long-term memory learned by neuron. Experiments confirm the each recognition rate, that are face changes, pose changes and low quality image. The experimental results show that we can compare a feature extraction and learning method proposed in this paper of any other methods, and we can confirm that the proposed method is superior to existing methods.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.67-71
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• 2018

Neuronal excitotoxicity induces mitochondrial dysfunction and the release of proapoptotic proteins. Excitotoxicity, the process by which the overactivation of excitatory neurotransmitter receptors leads to neuronal cell death. Neuronal death by excitotoxicity was related to neuronal degenerative disorders and hypoxia, results from excessive exposure to excitatory neurotransmitters, such as glutamate. Glutamate acts at NMDA receptors in cultured neurons to increase the intracellular free calcium concentration. Therefore endogenous glutamate may be a key factor to regulate neuronal cell death via activating $Ca^{2+}$ signaling. For this issue, we tested some conditions to alter intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level in dissociated hippocampal neurons of rats. Cultured hippocampal neuron were treated by KCl (20 mM), $CaCl_2$ (3.8 mM) and glutamate ($5{\mu}M$) for 24 hrs. Interestingly, The Optical Density of hippocampal neurons was increased by high KCl application in MTT assay data. This enhanced response by high KCl was dependent on synaptic $Ca^{2+}$ influx but not on intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level. However, the number of neurons seemed to be not changed in Hoechst 33342 staining data. These results suggest that enhancement of synaptic activity plays a key role to increase mitochondrial signaling in hippocampal neurons.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1008-1012
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• 2003

In order to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of reactive oxygen species(AOS), the cell viability was measured by MTT assay after cultured mouse hippocampal neurons were treated with various concentrations of xanthine oxidase(XO) and hypoxanthine (HX) for 5 hours. And also, the protective effect of Salviae Mutiorrhizae Radix(SMR) on XO/HX-induced neurotoxicity was examined in these cultures. XO/HX significantly decreased cell viability in dose-and time dependent manners when cultured mouse hippocampal neurons were treated with 5～40 mU/ml XO for 5 hours. In the protective effect of SMA, SMR increased cell viability dose-dependently after cultured mouse hippocampal neurons were preincubated with 30～120 ㎍/ml SMR for 2 hours. From these results, it is suggested that XO/HX is toxic on cultured mouse hippocampal neurons, and herbe medicine such as SMR is very effective in blocking the cytotoxicity induced by AOS.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.21-31
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• 2008

Backgrounds: Singihwan is used "to strengthen inborn energy" and we suspected a protective effect on brain neuron cells. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Singihwan (SGH) on traumatic brain injury-induced delayed apoptosis in rat hippocampal dentate gyrus. Methods: For a surgical induction of traumatic brain injury (TBI), a 5 mm diameter stainless rod was used to make traumatic attack from the surface of the brain used by an impactor. The protective effect of the aqueous extract of SGH against TBI in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus was investigated by using step-down avoidance task, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, Bax immunohistochemistry, and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry. Results: The aqueous extract of SGH suppressed the TBI-induced increase in apoptosis and cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Conclusions: It is possible that the aqueous extract of SGH has a neuroprotective effect on TBI-induced neuronal cell death.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2007

The decrease of masticatory function caused by tooth loss leads to a decrease of cerebral blood flow volume resulting in impairment of cognitive function and learning memory disorder. However, the reduced mastication-mediated morphological alteration in the central nervous system (CNS) responsible for senile deficit of cognition, learning and memory has not been well documented. In this study, the effect of the loss of the molar teeth (molarless condition) on the hippocampal expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein was studied by immunohistochemical techniques. The results were as follows : 1. The molarless mice showed a lower density of pyramidal cells in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus than control mice. 2. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the molarless condition enhanced the time-dependent increase in the cell density and hypertrophy of GFAP immunoreactivity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The molarless condition enhanced an time-dependent decrease in the number of neurons in the hippocampal formation and the time-dependent increase in the number and hypertrophy of GFAP-labeled cells in the same region. The data suggest a possible link between reduced mastication and histological changes in hippocampal formation that may be one risk factor for senile impairment of cognitive function and spatial learning memory.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2020

Excessive drinking of alcohol is known to be one of the main causes of various neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Scopoletin is known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, and to protect nerve cells. This study examined whether scopoletin inhibits the alcohol-induced apoptosis of primary hippocampal neurons, and how scopoletin regulates several factors associated with the caspase-mediated pathway. To achieve this, the cell viability and apoptosis rate of primary hippocampal neurons were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Apoptosis-related protein expressions (Bax, Bid, caspase-3, caspase-9, and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)) were analyzed by Western blotting, and the ANOVA method was used to confirm the significance of the measured results. As a result, scopoletin inhibited the expressions of alcohol-induced apoptosis and apoptosis-related proteins in primary hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that down-regulation of Bid, Bax, and cleaved caspase-9 expression induced by scopoletin down-regulates the expression of cleaved caspase-3, inhibits the expression of cleaved PARP, and finally, inhibits mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. The study suggests that scopoletin is worth developing as a candidate for neuroprotective agent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.63.2-63.2
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• 2008