• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.103-116
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the economic status of retired elderly households. This study especially looked for the differences in the economic status among retired elderly households and the level of subjective financial strain. The data were drawn from the data of 2000 Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) conducted by the Korea Labor Institute. The major findings are as follows: 1) The levels of income in the retired households were found to be lower than those of the employed elderly households, and the transfer income took the biggest portion out of 5 income types reflecting high economic dependency. 2) The levels of expenditure were found to be similar to the minimum living cost, and the food cost at home was 41.9% of the expenditure. 3) About 40% and 27.3% of households reported that they felt financial strain due to food expenditures at home and health care respectively. 4) Ninety percent of all assets were found to be real estate, reflecting the lack of asset liquidity. Further, retired elderly households were classified as 'not at all strained financially', 'moderate', 'seriously strained', and 'extremely strained' groups according to their subjective assessment. The last two groups showed the lower level of income and expenditures than the first two groups. In particular, 26.5% of retired elderly households belonged to 'extremely strained' group and showed very serious economic problems.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.125-145
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• 2011

The purposes of this study were to examine low-income households' financial statuses and the socio-economic characteristics of single-person and non-single person households according to the financial indexes used for evaluating financial security and growth status developed based on financial ratios. Using 2009 KLIPS(Korean Labor & Income Panel Survey) data collected by the Korean Labor Institute, the satisfaction levels from the indexes were analyzed and compared between the two household types. The results showed that 46.0% of single-person households were not satisfactory in terms of all financial growth indexes but were partially satisfactory in terms of all financial security indexes. These householders tended to be females and in the their 70s, who lived in Seoul or in a suburb of Seoul, Korea. They reported problems with a lack of financial growth possibilities. 47.0% of non-single person households were not satisfactory in terms of all financial growth indexes but were partially satisfactory in terms of all financial security indexes. These householders tended to be males in their 60s and 70s with no job who were living in Seoul or in a suburb of Seoul, Korea. They reported having low level of liquidity and high level of debt redemption. 42.6% of single-person households were not satisfactory in terms of both financial security and growth indexes partially. These householders tended to be females in their 20s or 70s who were living in rural areas. They reported problems related to an adverse balance between household income and expenditures and a large scale of debt. 43.1% of non-single households were not satisfactory in terms of both financial security and growth indexes partially. These householders tended to be males in their 60s or 70s and homeowners. They reported problem related to an adverse balance of household income and expenditures and high a level of housing expenditures and liquidity. The research findings have implication for policy makers considering financial support programs and welfare programs for low-income householders, considering the recent changes in households structures.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2016

Improving farming activity competence of farm households has recently been considered one of the most important factors for increasing farm income. However, few studies examine the relationship between farm income and farming activity competence of farm households directly due to the lack of an available dataset. In this study, we examine the relationship between farm household technical managerial competence and farm household income based on the nearly 30,000 farm households consulting data gathered by the Rural Development Administration, RDA. The major findings of this study are as follows: firstly, statistically significant differences in agricultural and farm household income exist between farm households categorized by farm activity competence levels in terms of technique and management. Secondly, a technically and managerially competent farm household group (high-rank farm household) has 2.2 times higher agricultural income and 1.9 times higher farm household income than the technically and managerially incompetent farm household group (low-rank farm household). Thirdly, farm household technical-managerial competence is one of the major factors that affect agricultural and farm household income. Regarding technical competence, agricultural income and farm household income increased by approximately 1,390,000 won and 1,530,000 won, respectively, as technical points increased by one point. However, with respect to managerial competence, agricultural income and farm household income increased by approximately 1,320,000 won and 2,070,000 won, respectively, as managerial points increased by one point.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.613-629
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• 2005

This research analyzes household financial structures and ratios to understand factors of household utility. Its main themes are as following: First, what kinds financial structures are found at each level of income? Second, how are they different by the level of income? Third, what factors contribute to appropriate financial ratios? The themes are supported by the texts on financial ratios from both inside and outside of Korea and proved by the Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey, the fifth annual edition. The households are exempted that do not support the household principle record in the principle and household economy record. Accordingly, this survey is from a financial structure analysis of 3,762 households. The analysis utilizes SPSS Window (Version 10.0) program. The following are the results: First, the income level 4 and above, in which the increasing number indicates a higher level of income, are highly ranked on the income-expense level and the asset-debt rate. Also, level 4 has a strong financial structure, whereas level 1 does not. Apparently, the management of the household is complicated by debt redemption and a lower level of assets. Second, Ratio 1, Ratio 2, Ratio 4, and Ratio 5 are different by the level of income. Third, the level of income contributes to the appropriate financial ratio. The financial safety and prospective financial structure at each income level is an important variable. Households with a high income, in particular, have to balance their finances and capital, reducing liabilities and increasing the total assets. In other words, the family must hold assets to enhance efficiency according to the character and income level of the household. This research is a useful resource for such a decision-making as to improve household financial structure stability. Also, it can be adopted to evaluate financial products for specific households and be used for economic and social welfare planning to predict how households influence the nationwide economy.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.547-553
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• 2015

BACKGROUNDS/OBJECTIVES: The effects of malnutrition on growth of toddlers and preschoolers by socioeconomic status are not well known. This study aimed to examine the effects of dietary intake on growth outcomes in toddlers and preschoolers by household income level. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study population was a total of 1,687 children aged 1 to 5 years that participated in the KNHANES from 2009 to 2011. Growth of children was assessed by height for age (HFA) and weight for height (WFH). Children were classified into three groups according to children's HFA and WFH compared to the $10^{th}$ and $90^{th}$ percentiles of the 2007 Korean Children and Adolescent Growth Standard. Average monthly household income was divided into quartile groups. Dietary intake data were obtained by using the one day 24-hr recall method. Risks of inadequate intake of nutrients and unfavorable growth were estimated by using a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for sex, age, region, and energy intake. RESULTS: The low HFA group (<$10^{th}$ percentile) had significantly lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, and thiamin as compared with the high group (${\geq}90^{th}$ percentile). For WFH status, vitamin C intake was lower in the low group than in the high group. Household income level was related to WFH status but not HFA. Children from lower income households were more likely to have high WFH than those from higher income households (P for trend = 0.038). Household income status was also significantly related with risk of inadequate intake of micronutrients such as thiamin (P for trend = 0.032) and vitamin C (P for trend = 0.002), showing higher odds of inadequate intakes in children from lower income households. CONCLUSIONS: Children from lower income households were prone to be overweight and to have inadequate intakes of micronutrients such as thiamin and vitamin C. To reduce nutritional and health disparities, collective action in the public sector is required from early life.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.159-174
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the health care expenditure of elderly single and elderly couple households whose head is more than 60 years old. The data analyzed for the study were Korean Retirement and Income Study(KRelS) conducted in 2007 by National Pension Corporation. The major finding of this study were as follows: First, the amount of health care expenditure of elderly single households was lower than that of elderly couple households. However, ratio of health care expenditure to total consumption expenditure of elderly single households was larger than that of elderly couple households. Second, the ratio of health care expenditure in consumption expenditure in this study was larger than the ratios in past analyse showed in the previous studies. Third, common factor affecting on health care expenditure of elderly single and elderly couple households was the existence of the family member with chronic disease or handicap. The health care expenditure of elderly singer households was influenced by income, gender and the ownership of national health insurance. The influence of income for elderly singer households seemed to be greater than for elderly couple households. The variables which affected health care expenditure of elderly couple households were age and housing tenure status. The amount and ratio health care expenditure were increased as the age increases. These results show that the health care expenditures for each groups varied according to socio-demographic variables and health-related behavior variables. It is suggested that there should be a discriminative health care policy for each elderly single and elderly couple households. In addition, the health care policy for the elderly households of which member has a chronic disease is certainly necessary. Especially a health care plan for the elderly single households with lower income is in need. For the elderly couple households, the priority group of health care policy would be the high age group.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.1237-1246
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• 2021

The purpose of the research is to evaluate how education influences the income of household heads, who are young adult in rural Vietnam. In order to examine the impact of education on the households where their heads are young adults, in this paper, the authors employ two research methods. First, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is used to study the impact of education on different groups of income; second, quantile regression is applied to find out how education influences the income of households. The dataset includes a survey of 800 young households aged between18 and 35 who are the head of agricultural farms in rural areas. The findings indicate that education has a positive impact on income of young households. Furthermore, the results prove that the longer schooling years, the higher income youth can attain. The results showed that, at the survey time (Sep 2019), the average monthly income of rural young adults who are joining the production process shows a big gap between low and high incomes. Moreover, the study has revealed that other factors positively affect the incomes, namely, joining job-related associations, land resource, hired labour, hi-tech application as well as extension of producing unit.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권5호
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• pp.548-557
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• 2009

For centuries, forests have been a key component of rural livelihood. They are important both socially and economically in Nepal. Firewood and fodder are the basic forest products that are extracted daily or weekly basis in most of the rural areas in Nepal. In this study, a field survey of 100 households was conducted to examine the degree of forest dependency and forest resource availability, households' livelihood strategy and their relationship with forest dependency in Chitwan, Nepal. A household' response indexes were constructed, Gini coefficient, Head Count Poverty Index (HCI) and Poverty Gap Index (PGI) were calculated and one way ANOVA test was also performed for data analysis. Data revealed that 82/81% of all households were constantly used forest for firewood and fodder collection respectively while 42% of households were used forest or forest fringe for grazing. The Forest Product Availability Indexes (FPAI) showed a sharp decline of forest resources from 0.781 to 0.308 for a 20-yr time horizon while timber wood was noticeably lowered than the other products. Yet, about 33% of households were below the poverty threshold line with 0.0945 PGI. Income distribution among the household showed a lower Gini coefficient 0.25 than 0.37 of landholdings size. However, mean income was significantly varies with F-statistics=246.348 at P=0.05 between income groups (rich, medium and poor). The extraction of firewood, fodder and other forest products were significantly different between the income group with F-statistics=16.480, 19.930, 29.956 at P=0.05 respectively. Similarly, landholdings size and education were also significantly different between the income groups with F-statistics=4.333, 5.981 at P=0.05 respectively. These findings suggested that income status of households was the major indicator of forest dependency while poor and medium groups were highly dependent on the forests for firewood, fodder and other products. Forest dependency still remains high and the availability of forest products that can be extracted from the remaining forestlands is decreasing. The high dependency of households on forest coupled with other socioeconomic attributes like education, poverty, small landholders and so on were possibly caused the forest degradation in Chitwan.Therefore, policy must be directed towards the poor livelihood supporting agenda that may enhance the financial conditions of rural households while it could reduce the degree of forest dependency inspired with other income generating activities in due course.

• 한국노년학
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.1559-1575
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• 2009

2008년 기초노령연금제도가 시행되면서 공적 노후소득보장의 근거가 마련되었다. 하지만 아직 기초노령연금은 보조수당의 범위를 벗어나지 못하고 있어 소득보장제도로서의 핵심적인 역할을 하기에는 미흡한 수준이며, 경제적 자립이 어려운 노인들은 총소득 중 여전히 사적이전소득 의존율이 높을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 경제활동이 원활하지 못하거나 공적소득보장제도의 적용을 제대로 받지 못하는 노인가구의 빈곤율은 노인이 아닌 가구에 비해 더 높을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 공적이전소득이 노후 생활보장의 핵심적인 수단이 되어야 한다는 전제에서 공적이전소득과 사적이전소득이 노인가구의 빈곤을 어느 정도 경감시키는가를 비교해 보았다. 특히 노인인구 중에서도 상대적으로 더 취약한 독거노인가구를 대상으로 하여 공적 및 사적 이전소득의 빈곤경감 효과를 비교분석함으로써 공적 소득보장제도의 중요성을 검증하였다. 연구대상은 65세 이상 혼자 사는 독거노인가구이며, 분석자료는 통계청의 가계조사 중 2006년-2008년의 자료를 활용하였다. 독거노인가구의 빈곤정도와 이전소득의 빈곤경감 정도를 상대적으로 파악하기 위해 우리나라 전체인구 및 전체 노인가구의 빈곤율과 비교하였고, 독거노인가구에 속한 하위집단의 빈곤정도와 이전소득의 빈곤경감 효과를 살펴보기 위해 성별, 연령, 경제활동 여부 등 인구사회학적인 특성별로 구분하여 분석하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노인가구 전체의 빈곤율은 기초노령연금 및 장기요양보험제도가 시행된 2008년 이후에도 전년대비 감소하지 않았다. 둘째, 독거노인가구를 포함한 노인가구에서 두 가구 중 한 가구는 절대빈곤상태에 놓여 있으며, 특히 독거노인가구 중 여성, 비근로, 저학력, 고령, 농어촌 노인가구의 빈곤율이 상대적으로 더 높았다. 셋째, 독거노인가구의 빈곤감소에서 공적이전에 의한 빈곤감소효과가 조금씩 증가하는 추세이지만, 여전히 사적이전에 의한 빈곤감소가 공적이전에 의한 빈곤감소보다 더 크게 기여하였다. 넷째, 공적이전효과 중에서는 생계비 지원 등의 사회보장 수혜효과가 공적연금효과보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2009

Using the 2007 Fund Investors Survey, we investigated (1) the differences in economic status in terms of household income, consumption, saving, assets and debts, (2) the differences in financial management behavior, (3) and the differences in confidence in economic status after retirement between households conducting and not-conducting financial preparation for retirement. The major study findings were as follows. First, only 46.4% of the households were financially preparing for retirement. The levels of income, consumption, and saving were higher among households conducting financial preparation for retirement than among those not-conducting such financial preparation. Second, households conducting financial preparation for retirement had a relatively high propensity to save. Their financial asset portfolio had a higher weight in safety assets and investment assets than in retirement assets. Due to their lack of confidence in their economic status after retirement, their demand for financial preparation for retirement remained. Third, the households which did not conduct financial preparation for retirement tended to have a relatively heavy debt burden and not to implement general household financial management practices. Fourth, among the three-pillar retirement income system, the second pillar, of individual retirement account was not well established. Based on these results, various implications were suggested.