• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2022

An artificial neural network (ANN) that identifies radionuclides from low-count gamma spectra of a NaI scintillator is proposed. The ANN was trained and tested using simulated spectra. 14 target nuclides were considered corresponding to the requisite radionuclide library of a radionuclide identification device mentioned in IEC 62327-2017. The network shows an average identification accuracy of 98.63% on the validation dataset, with the gross counts in each spectrum N_c = 100~10000 and the signal to noise ratio SNR = 0.05-1. Most of the false predictions come from nuclides with low branching ratio and/or similar decay energies. If the N_c>1000 and SNR>0.3, which is defined as the minimum identifiable condition, the averaged identification accuracy is 99.87%. Even when the source and the detector are covered with lead bricks and the response function of the detector thus varies, the ANN which was trained using non-shielding spectra still shows high accuracy as long as the minimum identifiable condition is satisfied. Among all the considered nuclides, only the identification accuracy of ²³⁵U is seriously affected by the shielding. Identification of other nuclides shows high accuracy even the shielding condition is changed, which indicates that the ANN has good generalization performance.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.335-342
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• 2022

본 논문에서는 오디오 애플리케이션을 위한 단일 비트 3차 피드포워드 델타 시그마 변조기를 제안한다. 제안된 변조기는 저전압 및 저전력 애플리케이션을 위한 클래스-C 인버터를 기반으로 한다. 고정밀 요구 사항을 위해 레귤레이티드 캐스코드 구조의 클래스-C 인버터는 DC 이득을 증가시키고 저전압 서브쓰레스홀드 증폭기 역할을 한다. 제안된 클래스-C 인버터 기반 변조기는 180nm CMOS 공정으로 설계 및 시뮬레이션되었다. 성능 손실이 없으면서 낮은 공급 전압 호환성을 가지도록 제안된 클래스-C 인버터 기반 스위치드 커패시터 변조기는 높은 전력 효율을 달성하였다. 본 설계는 20kHz의 신호 대역폭 및 4MHz의 샘플링 주파수에서 동작시켜 93.9dB의 SNDR, 108dB의 SNR, 102dB의 SFDR 및 102dB의 DR를 달성하면서 0.8V 전원 전압에서 280μW의 전력 소비만 사용한다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.366-374
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• 2007

수중에서 무선통신이 기존에는 초음파를 이용한 단거리통신에 국한되었으나 최근 고주파를 이용한 장거리 통신의 필요성이 증가되고 음성뿐만이 아니라 각종 데이터나 고화질 영상자료의 송수신 수요가 늘어나고 있다. 본 연구에서는 수중에서 디지털 변조방식의 차이에 따라 실제 수중통신에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 모의 환경 하에서 PSK기반의 변조방식(BPSK, QPSK, MSK, GMSK)에 대한 시뮬레이션을 통해 실험한 결과 GMSK만이 큰 차이를 보였다. 위 결과를 바탕으로 SNR을 35dB이하로 하고 부산 남방에 위치한 207-선(한국해양자료센타)의 15Km 구간을 모의하여 음성통신과 영상자료를 전송실험한 결과 음성통신시($10^{-2}$BER, 채널용량 1Kbps기준)는 약 8Km의 거리 차이를, 그리고 영상자료($3{\times}10^5$ 화소, 화소 당 정보량 4bit) 전송시는 BPSK, QPSK, MSK 는 60Kbps, GMSK는 45Kbps의 전송율을 확보하여 약 7초의 전송시간 차이가 생김을 확인하였다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권11호
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• pp.909-920
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• 2020

Cytosolic Ca²⁺ levels ([Ca²⁺]_c) change dynamically in response to inducers, repressors, and physiological conditions, and aberrant [Ca²⁺]_c concentration regulation is associated with cancer, heart failure, and diabetes. Therefore, [Ca²⁺]_c is considered as a good indicator of physiological and pathological cellular responses, and is a crucial biomarker for drug discovery. A genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) was recently developed to measure [Ca²⁺]_c in single cells and animal models. GECI have some advantages over chemically synthesized indicators, although they also have some drawbacks such as poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), low positive signal, delayed response, artifactual responses due to protein overexpression, and expensive detection equipment. Here, we developed an indicator based on interactions between Ca²⁺-loaded calmodulin and target proteins, and generated an innovative GECI sensor using split nano-luciferase (Nluc) fragments to detect changes in [Ca²⁺]_c. Stimulation-dependent luciferase activities were optimized by combining large and small subunits of Nluc binary technology (NanoBiT, LgBiT:SmBiT) fusion proteins and regulating the receptor expression levels. We constructed the binary [Ca²⁺]_c sensors using a multicistronic expression system in a single vector linked via the internal ribosome entry site (IRES), and examined the detection efficiencies. Promoter optimization studies indicated that promoter-dependent protein expression levels were crucial to optimize SNR and sensitivity. This novel [Ca²⁺]_c assay has high SNR and sensitivity, is easy to use, suitable for high-throughput assays, and may be useful to detect [Ca²⁺]_c in single cells and animal models.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2019

고농도의 산소를 흡입하는 경우에 자기공명영상의 FLAIR(fluid attenuated inversion-recovery, FLAIR) 영상에서 뇌척수액에서 신호가 억제되지 않고 고신호로 나타나는 경우가 있다는 보고가 있었다. 본 연구는 아가 젤로 고정한 팬텀을 제작하여 산소를 주입한 생리식염수와 조영제를 희석한 생리식염수의 신호를 FLAIR 기법의 반전시간(TI : inversion time)을 변화하여 영상을 획득하고, 분석하여 기초자료를 마련 하고자 하였다. 부산 P병원의 Philips Achieva MR 3.0T를 이용한 결과에서 자기공명영상의 FLAIR 기법에서 산소가 주입된 생리식염수의 신호 대 잡음비(signal to noise ratio)는 산소가 주입되지 않은 생리식염수 보다 증가되었다. 하지만 희석된 조영제보다는 높지 않았다. 반전시간 1,800ms에서는 산소에 의한 신호 증강이 없는 영상을 획득할 수 있었다. 산소가 주입된 생리식염수와 조영제의 대조도 대 잡음비(contrast to noise ratio)에서도 임상에서 주로 사용하는 반전시간 2,800ms보다 1,800ms에서 높게 증가되었다. 본 실험의 결과가 자기공명영상의 FLAIR 기법에서 산소 주입에 따른 뇌척수액의 신호 변화 연구에 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.607-613
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• 2021

Long-bone examination is mainly used for inspection of the lower extremities. Recently, a long length detector (FXRD-1751S, VIEWORKS, Korea) with three digital detectors attached has been developed. High energy X-rays are used because pelvic areas require high image quality. In this case, X-rays are transmitted a lot in thin areas such as an ankle, and it is not suitable for diagnosing an image. Therefore, this study use copper filters made with 3D printers to increase image quality in the Long-bone inspection. A copper filter was manufactured in consideration of the overall thickness of the lower part. The experiment was conducted in anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral (LAT) positions, depending on the presence or absence of the filter. 5x5 pixels of region of interest (ROI) were selected from the pelvis, knee, and ankle areas. X-rays were irradiated under the conditions of 70 kVp and 40 mAs for AP, 80 kVp, and 63 mAs for lat when without filters, 90 kVp and 80 mAs for AP, 90 kVp and 100 mAs for lat when with filters. signal to noise ratio(SNR) ratio and contrast to noise (CNR) values were measured 1106.38, 14.34 before applying the filter and 1189.32, 70.43 after the filter. For the knee area, 650.44, 97.61 before applying the filter, and 1013.17, 444.24 after applying the filter. For the ankle area, 206.65, 23.68 before applying the filter and 993.50, 136.11 after applying the filter. In the Long-bone examination, SNR and CNR were greatly measured when the filter was applied, confirmed the availability of using the copper additional filter.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.397-403
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to obtain brain MRI images through Heavenly T₂ FLAIR and DWI techniques to find out strengths and weaknesses of each image. Data were analyzed on 13 normal people and 17 brain tumor patients. Philips Ingenia 3.0TCX was used as the equipment used for the inspection, and 32 Channel Head Coil was used to acquire data. Using Image J and Infinity PACS Data, 3mm² of gray matter, white matter, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and tumor areas were set and measured. Quantitative analysis measured SNR and CNR as an analysis method, and qualitative analysis evaluated overall image quality, lesion conspicuity, image distortion, susceptibility artifact and ghost artifact on a 5-point scale. The statistical significance of data analysis was that Wilcox-on Signed Rank Test and Paired t-test were executed, and the statistical program used was SPSS ver.22.0 and the p value was less than 0.05. In quantitative analysis, the SNR of gray matter, white matter, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and tumor of Heavily T₂ FLAIR is 41.45±0.13, 40.52±0.45, 41.44±0.51, 40.96±0.09, 35.28±0.46 and the CNR is 15.24±0.13, 16.75±0.23, 16.28±0.41, 15.83±0.17, 16.63±0.51. In DWI, SNR is 32.58±0.22, 36.75±0.17, 30.21±0.19, 35.83±0.11, 43.29±0.08, and CNR is 13.14±0.63, 14.21±0.31, 12.95±0.32, 11.73±0.09, 17.56±0.52. In normal tissues, Heavenly T₂ FLAIR obtained high results, but in disease evaluation, high results were obtained at DWI, b=1000 (p<0.05). In addition, in the qualitative analysis, overall image quality, lesion conspicuity, image distortion, susceptibility artifact and ghost artifact aspects of the Heavily T₂ FLAIR were evaluated, and 3.75±0.28, 2.29±0.24, 3.86±0.23, 4.08±0.21, 3.79±0.22 values were found, respectively, and 2.53±0.39, 4.13±0.29, 1.90±0.20, 1.81±0.21, 1.52±0.45 in DWI. As a result of qualitative analysis, overall image quality, image distortion, susceptibility artifact and ghost artifact were rated higher than DWI. However, DWI was evaluated higher in lesion conspicuity (p<0.05). In normal tissues, the level of Heavenly T₂ FLAIR was higher, but the DWI technique was higher in the evaluation of the disease (tumor). The two results were necessary techniques depending on the normal site and the location of the disease. In conclusion, statistically significant results were obtained from the two techniques. In quantitative and qualitative analysis, the two techniques had advantages and disadvantages, and in normal and disease evaluation, the two techniques produced useful results. These results are believed to be educational data for clinical basic evaluation and MRI in the future.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2014

필터는 저에너지 X선을 흡수함으로써 평균에너지를 증가시키고, 환자의 피폭선량을 감소시키는 작용을 한다. 본 연구는 Mo과 W 등의 재질이 디지털 방사선영상장치인 CR에서도 사용이 가능한지 SNR, FOM, histogram 등의 영상평가와 선량 측정을 통해 확인하였다. 또한 필터의 재질에 따른 선질측정과 함께 관전압의 변화에 따른 적합한 필터 조합을 찾아보았다. 피부입사선량은 Mo필터가 Cu필터에 비해 42~56%까지 선량 경감효과가 있었고, 투과선량도 Mo필터가 Cu필터보다 1.5배 정도 높게 나타났다. 영상 평가에서 W은 필터로 사용함에 부적절하였으나, Mo은 80 kVp 이상의 관전압에서 영상의 질을 저하시키지 않으면서 선량을 감소시킬 수 있는 필터로 충분히 사용할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 2.0 mmAl+0.1 mmMo은 관전압이 높아질수록 2.0 mmAl + 0.2 mmCu와 histogram width가 거의 같아서, 비교적 높은 관전압인 80, 100, 120 kVp에서는 Mo필터의 사용이 가능하다. 2.0 mmAl + 0.1 mmMo의 SNR은 2.0 mmAl + 0.2 mmCu와 2.0 mmAl+0.1 mmCu의 SNR과도 큰 차이가 나지 않았다. 따라서 디지털 방사선 영상 중 80 kVp 이상을 이용하는 일반촬영에서 Cu를 대신하여 Mo을 필터로 사용하면 Cu에 비해 영상의 질을 저하시키지 않으면서 환자의 피폭선량을 크게 감소시킬 수 있으므로, 실제 임상의 흉부 촬영 및 고관전압 촬영 등에 충분히 적용할 수 있다고 본다.

• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2014

Purpose: FLAIR image is beneficial for the diagnosis of various bran diseases including ischemic CVS, brain tumors and infections. However the border between the legion of brain metastasis and surrounding edema may not be clear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the practical benefits of delayed imaging by comparing the image from a patient with brain metastasis before a contrast enhancement and the image 10 minutes after a contrast enhancement. Materials and methods: Of the 92 people who underwent MRI brain metastases in suspected patients 13 people in three patients there is no video to target the 37 people confirmed cases, and motion artifacts brain metastases in our hospital June-December 2013, 18 people measurement position except for the three incorrect patient (male: 11 people, female: 7 people, average age: 60 years) in the target, test equipment, 3.0T MR System (ACHIEVA Release, Philips, I was 8ChannelSENSE Head Coil use Best, and the Netherlands). TR 11000 ms, TE 125 ms, TI2800 ms, Slice Thickness 5 mm, gap 5 mm, is a Slice number 21, the parameters of the 3D FFE, T2 FLAIR variable that was used to test, TR 8.1 ms, TE 3.7 ms, Slice number 240 I set to. The experiment was conducted by acquiring the FLAIR prior to contrast enhancement (heretofore referred to as Pre FLAIR), and acquiring the 3D FFE CE five minutes after the contrast enhancement, and recomposing the images in an axial plane of S/T 3mm, G 0mm (heretofore referred to as MPR TRA CE). Using the FLAIR 10 minutes after the contrast enhancement (heretofore referred to as Post FLAIR) and Pi-View, a retrospective study was conducted. Using MRIcro on the image of a patient confirmed for his diagnosis, the images before and after the contrast media, as well as the CNR and SNR of the MPR TRA CE images of the lesion and the site absent of lesion were compared and analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. Results: CNR for Pre FLAIR and Post FLAIR were 34.35 and 60.13, respectively, with MPR TRA CE at 23.77 showing no significant difference (p<0.050). Post-experiment analysis shows a difference between Pre FLAIR and Post FLAIR in terms of CNR (p<0.050), but no difference in CNR between Post FLAIR and MPR TRA CE (p>0.050), indicating that the contrast media had an effect only on Pre FLAIR and Post FLAIR. The SNR for the normal site Pre FLAIR was 106.43, and for the lesion site 140.79. Post FLAIR for the normal site was 107.79, and for the lesion site 167.91. MPR TRA CE for the normal site was 140.23 and for the lesion site 183.19, showing significant difference (p<0.050), and post-experiment analysis shows that there was a difference in SNR only on the lesion sites for Pre FLAIR and Post FLAIR (p<0.050). There was no difference in SNR between the normal site and lesion site for Post FLAIR and MPR TRA CE, indicating no effect from the contrast media (p>0.050). Conclusions: This experiment shows that Post FLAIR has a higher contrast than Pre FLAIR, and a higher SNR for lesions, It was not not statistically significant and MPR TRA CE but CNR came out high. Inspection of post-contrast which is used in a high magnetic field is frequently used images of 3D T1 but, since the signal of the contrast medium and the blood flow is included, this method can be diagnostic accuracy is reduced, it is believed that when used in combination with Post FLAIR, and that can provide video information added to the diagnosis of brain metastases.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.305-314
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• 2023

의료기술의 발전과 방사선 치료 장비의 발전으로 세기변조방사선치료와 같은 고 정밀 방사선치료의 빈도수가 증가하였다. 정밀하고 복잡한 치료계획에서 방사선 치료 시 영상유도방사선치료는 필수가 되었다. 특히 선형가속기에 진단용 영상장비의 도입으로 CBCT스캔이 가능해졌으며 이는 3차원 이미지를 통해 환자의 자세를 검·교정할 수 있게 되었다. 보다 정밀한 환자 자세의 재현이 가능해졌지만, 영상획득과정에서 환자에게 전달되는 피폭선량은 무시할 수 없다. 방사선 치료분야에서 방사선 방호최적화는 필요하며 피폭저감화를 위한 노력은 필요하다. 하지만 3차원 CBCT영상 획득 시 피폭저감화를 위해 촬영조건을 변경하여 촬영할 경우 환자의 위치정렬을 할 수 없을 정도의 화질이나 인공물이 발생해서는 안 된다. 본 연구에서Rando phantom을 활용해 각 촬영조건별 영상을 스캔하고 평가하였다. 100 kV, 80 mA, 25 ms, F1 filter 180° 조건에서 가장 높은 SNR이 나타났다. 관전압, 관전류가 높아질수록 Noise가 감소했으며 보우타이필터는 높은 관전류에서 최적의 효과를 나타냈다. 실제 스캔된 이미지를 토대로 환자위치정렬이 모든 촬영조건에서 가능했으며 가장 낮은 SNR을 나타낸 70 kV, 10 mA, 20 ms, F0 filter 180° 조건에서 충분히 환자자세정렬을 위한 영상유도방사선치료는 가능함을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 촬영조건에 따른 영상평가를 실시하였으며 피폭 저감화를 위해 낮은 관전압과 관전류, 작은 회전각 스캔이 선량 저감화에 효과적일 것으로 보인다. 이를 토대로 CBCT촬영 시 환자의 피폭선량을 가능한 낮게 해야 할 것이다.