• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2008

Although Lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil are efficacious drugs for preventing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B patients, their efficacy is far from completely satisfactory. The risk of liver cirrhosis and HCC begins to increase at an HBV DNA level of $10^4$ copies/ml. Even with latent or past HBV infection, episomal covalently closed circular DNA(cccDNA) plays a key rolein the persistence, relapse and resistance of HBV in its natural course or during therapy. The annual incidence of HCC in YUMC is 1.8% and 4.7% patients/year in the antiviral treatment and control groups, respectively. The ability to achieve a high rate of sustained HBV suppression with low risk of drug resistance is the ultimate goal in the treatment of chronic HBV infection. The efficacy of universal immunization with striking reductions in the prevalence of HBV in localized countries needs to be spread worldwide. With hepatitis B immunization and effective antiviral therapy, global control of HBV infection and HBV-related complications, including HCC, are possible by the end of the first half of the $21^{st}$ century.

• Trans-
• /
• v.1
• /
• pp.21-44
• /
• 2016

Advertisement is composed with symbol and sign with messages trying to express. Especially, ad with dancer introduces goods or meaning of contents with the motion of dance. In this, contents of dance or motion of dancer contains symbol and sign, understanding how ad and dance are expressed meanings with which symbol and the symbolic meaning of dance or dancer on ad. To that end, this study is for analyzing expressed symbol with dance corresponds with the aim of ad and finding the way or attitude of how normal people accept dance by reevaluating symbolic meaning of dance itself. In this study, advertisement producer and director's related data is secured for understanding direction and intention of producer, and previous study related with the study purpose, image, and effect are analyzed for understanding image of dance as a physical sign on TV advertisement. With data from www.TVCF.co.kr. TV advertisement analysis is conducted only with four ads in 2008(Nam Kwang Eng. & Const Co., Lotte Dept. Store(premium sale/gift card), Hyundai Motor Company Santa Fe -Pilobolus) and one ad in 2011(PNS The zone Sash Italy Arena di Verona when dance was used for advertisement with the highest frequency per year. Also, based on considered important factors from repeatedly watching each advertisement, scenes where movement or motion of dancer and screen word is greatly changed are analyzed as a priority. Image analysis of dance is conducted with structure studies based on physical image(line, costume, expression) and dan image(type motion, qualitative feature, mood of dance). As a result, the symbolic dance image appeared in TV advertisement can be discussed as follows. First, symbol and sign of dance on advertisement corresponds with material objects of advertisement. For instance, on the TV advertisement where Lee Youngwoo appeared, his motion as a signifer means challenge for the future of Nam Kwang Eng. & Const Co., with fast turn, jump, assemble turning jump, and sliding. Second, physical image of dancer depending on intention of sender corresponds in general, but there are somewhat differences in image of dance. This makes people to unconsciously recognize symbolic image of dance on TV ad while they watch it at the same time. Especially, when it comes to advertisement, it exposes frequently with broadcasting of organized programs from a broadcaster, living long-time memory. It can be differ based on idea and character of each of receiver. Advertisement is a medium making people naturally adopt cultural art for ordinary people in their lives. Broadcasting public art from TV advertisement widely exposes pure art to people, which was only avaliable for minority, sublimating it as an art of public culture.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2012

Annual power consumption of our country is positioned in the upper percentile in the world, and because the proportion of fossil power generation is high, which ranks the 10th $CO_2$ emission country. In this regard, government has established and is implementing the National Energy Basic Plan to realize to get out of fossilization in energy supply while focusing on securing the technology for renewable energy as well as its commercialization in order to reduce greenhouse gas. Resource recovery technology for deep seawater thermal energy which is one of renewable energies is newly getting attention domestically as well as in overseas for securing resources and environmental improvement as a core technology for multilateral use of marine resources for low carbon and green growth. Economic feasibility analysis was conducted for the research and development as follows on the use of ocean thermal energy conversion and seawater air conditioning. First, in the case of power generation using deep seawater and warm discharge water from ocean thermal energy conversion plant of 1MW level, it is judged that the economic feasibility is insufficient but the feasibility will be significantly improved if we consider not only power generation but also drinking water and certified emission reduction by developing the power plant to the size for commercialization. Second, the economic feasibility for the use of deep seawater as air conditioning for the power plant of 1,000RT level turned out to be very good. Especially, when we consider certified emission reduction, it will be possible to secure sufficient economic feasibility. When we use it in connection with ocean thermal energy conversion, water conversion and agricultural and fishery use, it is judged that economic ripple effect will be significant and therefore it will be necessary to conduct research and development for early commercialization, distribution and diffusion of deep seawater energy.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.477-497
• /
• 2004

In the Hongseong and Kwangcheon areas, two ultramafic rocks are exposed as isolated bodies in the Precambrian Kyeonggi gneiss complex. The ultramafic rocks extend for several hundred meters to NNE direction and are contact with adjacent metasediments by steeply dipping faults. The rocks are dunite or harzburgite showing dominantly equigranular-mosaic and protogranular textures with a minor amount of porphyroclastic textures. They contain varying amounts of fosteritic olivine (F$o_{0.91-0.93}$), magnesian pyroxene (E$n_{0.89-0.93}$) and tremolitic to magnesian hornblende with minor amounts of spinel, serpentine, chlorite, magnetite, phlogopite and talc. The rocks are in contrast with adjacent gneiss complex or metabasite (amphibole, biotite, plagioclase, alkali-feldspar and quartz). Geochemically, these ultramafic rocks are characterized by high magnesium number (M$g_#$> 0.88) and transitional element (mainly, Ni>1716 ppm, Cr>1789 ppm), low alkali element (e.g. $K_2$O<0.09 wt.%, Na$_2$O<0.19 wt.%) and depletion of incompatible elements. The calculated correlation coefficients showed good positive correlations among the ferrous (e.g. Sc, V, Zn) elements, incompatible elements (e.g. REE), and among SiO$_2$ or $Al_2$O$_3$ with ferrous elements, whereas negative correlations are appeared between Ni and major elements. These results involve increasing of the ferrous- and $Al_2$O$_3$-bearing minerals(e.g. amphibole and mica) with decreasing of Mg-bearing minerals (e.g. olivine) depending on the degree of alteration. Calculated geothermometries and mineral assemblages suggest that the ultramafic rocks have been metamorphosed through the condition from the greenschist to amphibolite facies. Compared with ultramafic rocks elsewhere, it is thought that those of the Hongseong and Kwangcheon areas are derivatives of the depleted sources since they are depleted in incompatible elements including REE abundances. Moreover overall characteristics of the ultramafic rocks are similar to the those of orogenic related Alpine type ultramafic rocks, especially, shallow mantle slab varieties.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.65-75
• /
• 1996

Sulfate reduction and the precipitation of metal sulfides may have great potential to improve water quality of mine effluents in wetland treatment systems. Laboratory experiments using sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and limestone to treat effluents from the abandoned Dalsung tungsten-copper mine show that encouraging results, that have been attributed to sulfate reduction. Fe, Al, Cd, Cu and Zn are reduced to below detection limits with $99{\sim}100%$ metal removal rates, Mn is reduced by at least 90% to below 8.0 mg/l, and the pH is raised from 5.12 to 7.60 after 53 days of experiments. In the staged design, laboratory experiments are initiated to determine what would be reasonable substrate materials for remediation of the mine effluents. A substrate mixture containing 70% oak compost and 30% mushroom compost maintains $0.03{\sim}0.04mM$ of lactate, which provides good condition for the SRB granule. A downflow SRB wetland system is proposed as follows : 1) The lower part of the treatment system consists with a 25 cm thick layer of high quality (above 95% of $CaCO_3$) of limestone; 2) The geotextile (geonet) is recommended to be spread on the limestone bed to prevent clogging the limestones with the substrates; 3) The mixture of substrates with 70% oak and 30% spent mushroom composts, and SRB granules overlain on top of the geonet with 25 cm height. The sizes of the passive treatment systems are calculated according to metal loading and permeability criteria : 1) $220m^3$ ($15{\times}15{\times}1m$) for -1 level effluents; 2) $28m^3$ ($5.3{\times}5.3{\times}1m$) for -2 level; and 3) $2700m^3$ ($52{\times}52{\times}1m$) for the -3 level. The -3 level system needs to be broken down into 5 to 15 cells.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.37-52
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for oral health promotion of service worker and their effective interpersonal relationships forming through the evaluation about service workers' awareness of the auxiliary oral hygiene devices and using behavior of it. The survey was carried out questionnaire research targeting 400(service group 200, non-service group 200) and compared the two groups. The obtained results were as follow: 1. brushing behavior showed the highest ratio of 3~4 times/day(53.4%) in brushing frequency, up-down method(50.8%) in brushing method, after 5 minutes after the meals(45.0%) in brushing time, shape brush(56.6%) in brush change time. 2. service group used a lot more auxiliary oral hygiene devices than non-service group(50.9%). the frequency of use was toothpick(30.9%), gargle(29.9%), floss(13.5%), tongue cleaner(10.1%). 3. In comparison of two group about state of use, service group showed more higher ratio of floss(66.1%), tongue cleaner(64.4%), gargle(56.6%) than non-service group. non-service group showed more higher ratio of toothpick(54.6%) than service group 4. Service group used auxiliary oral hygiene devices by suggestions of dental clinic(53.6%) and didn't use them because of uncomfortable to use(45.4%) or didn't know how to use(21.6%). 5. As result of the awareness-related using rate of auxiliary oral hygiene devices, service group showed higher using ratio except toothpick than non-service group. especially gargle(54.8%), tongue cleaner(43.3%), floss(35.8%) were showed high. 6. service group took a regular checkups more than non-service group and showed the highest ratio of each 1 year(43.5%) in checkup period.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.449-461
• /
• 2013

As the hydrofluoric acid leak in Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do or hydrochloric acid leak in Ulsan, Gyeongsangnam-do demonstrated, chemical related accidents are mostly caused by large amounts of volatile toxic substances leaking due to the damages of storage tank or pipe lines of transporter. Safety assessment is the most important concern because such toxic material accidents cause human and material damages to the environment and atmosphere of the surrounding area. Therefore, in this study, a hydrofluoric acid leaked from a storage tank was selected as the study example to simulate the leaked substance diffusing into the atmosphere and result analysis was performed through the numerical Analysis and diffusion simulation of ALOHA(Areal Location of Hazardous Atmospheres). the results of a qualitative evaluation of HAZOP (Hazard Operability)was looked at to find that the flange leak, operation delay due to leakage of the valve and the hose, and toxic gas leak were danger factors. Possibility of fire from temperature, pressure and corrosion, nitrogen supply overpressure and toxic leak from internal corrosion of tank or pipe joints were also found to be high. ALOHA resulting effects were a little different depending on the input data of Dense Gas Model, however, the wind direction and speed, rather than atmospheric stability, played bigger role. Higher wind speed affected the diffusion of contaminant. In term of the diffusion concentration, both liquid and gas leaks resulted in almost the same $LC_{50}$ and ALOHA AEGL-3(Acute Exposure Guidline Level) values. Each scenarios showed almost identical results in ALOHA model. Therefore, a buffer distance of toxic gas can be determined by comparing the numerical analysis and the diffusion concentration to the IDLH(Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health). Such study will help perform the risk assessment of toxic leak more efficiently and be utilized in establishing community emergency response system properly.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 2002

We investigated the optimal concentration and exposure time of cycloheximide(CHX) on development of activated porcine oocytes following electrical pulse(EP). After 42~44 h maturation, oocytes were treated with 0.1% hyaluronidase, and denuded cumulus cells by pipetting. Oocytes were stimulated by electric pulse (1.2 kV/cm, 30 $\mu$sec, 1 pulse) or incubated for 3, 5 and 7 h in cycloheximide (1, 5 and 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, respectively) following electric pulse, and cultured for 8 days. Cleavage rate of oocytes activated with 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ CHX following EP was significantly (P＜0.05) higher than those of 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ (86.8% vs. 74.4%). The developmental competence of oocytes incubated to 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of CHX was significantly (P＜0.05) higher development to blastocysts (13.3%), compared with 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of CHX (5.6%). When the oocytes were activated with 5$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ CHX for 3, 5, and 7 h following EP, the cleavage rate of oocytes in 5 h group(86.6%) was significantly (P＜0.05) higher than that in 3 h group(73.2%). The developmental rate of oocytes to morula in 5 and 7 h groups(26.7% and 16.4%) were significantly (P＜0.05) high than that in 3 h group(14.5%). Matured oocytes were activated with electric pulse (EP) or electric pulse combined with cycloheximide (EP + CHX) and cultured for 8 days. The rate of cleavage and development to blastocyst (80.1% and 11.6%) of activated with EP group were similar to EP combined with CHX group. When activated with EP or EP combined with CHX, the mean cell number of blastocysts were less in the activated with EP (18.67$\pm$5.53) than in the activated EP combined CHX (20.71$\pm$6.16), but not significantly different. This results suggest that, when the porcine oocytes were activated with CHX following EP, the developmental rate of activated oocytes can be improved by treated with a concentration of 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ CHX for 5 h exposure time.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.355-362
• /
• 2007

Purpose : We conducted the study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of three component DTaP vaccine ($Infanrix^{(R)}$) in a group of Korean healthy infants on a three-dose primary vaccination. And we compared the immunogenicity of this DTaP vaccine with two component DTaP vaccine which has been widely used in Korea. Methods : We enrolled one hundred fifty one healthy infants aged 8-9 weeks. These infants were vaccinated at age 2, 4 and 6 months of age with three component DTaP vaccine. Solicited adverse events were actively monitored for 72 hours following each vaccination, and all adverse events after each vaccination were observed for three weeks. Anti-diphtheria toxoid Ab., anti-tetanus toxoid Ab., anti-pertussis toxin Ab., anti-filamentous hemagglutinin Ab., and anti-pertactin Ab. were measured using ELISA for assessing immunogenicity of study vaccine in 60 infants. Immunogenicity analysis of two component DTaP vaccine was performed with same methods in 14 infants as control. Results : The seroconversion rates of anti-diphtheria toxoid Ab, anti-tetanus toxoid Ab. anti-filamentous hemagglutinin Ab. were 100% in both group. Seroconversion rate of anti-pertactin Ab in study group was 100%, but the rate in control group was 50%. However, geometric mean concentration of anti-pertussis toxin Ab. was higher in control group. Mild local and systemic reactions were observed within three days after vaccination, and no serious adverse events related study vaccine were happened during study period. Conclusion : Our study results suggest that three component DTaP vaccine ($Infanrix^{(R)}$) is a well-tolerable and high immunogenic vaccine, especially anti-Pertactin Ab. of the study vaccine is very immunogenic. It can be available as routine DTaP vaccination in our infants.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.41-55
• /
• 1998

An analysis of 87 stroke Patients who were enrolled in 7 hospitals in cities of Pusan, Taegu, Kumi, and Andong from January 1 to May 31, 1998 was conducted using the modified Barthel Index(BI) and the adapted PULSES profile index(PS) to evaluate their function. Patients were examined at the following intervals : Initial assessment, one month after initial, at discharge, and ore month after discharge. The mean BI score of patients initial assessment was 26.32. and that of PS was 17.34. There were statistically significant between initial score and one month after initial (16.61 : p<0.001), at discharge(33.51 : p<0,001), one month after discharge(43,56 : p<0.001). PS scores were also improved significantly(-2.1, -3. 94, and -5.52(p<0.001), and BI score between discharge and one month after discharge wag significant improvement(10.06 : p <0.001) and in PS score(-1,57 : p<0.001). Age and BI scone were significantly associated with the improved in BI score between initial and discharge (T3-T1)(p<0.05). Below age forty and the lower initial BI score showed significantly higher improvement(T3-T1) after physical therapy(p<0.05). Initial BI score, BI score at discharge, and religion were significantly associated with the improvement of BI score between initial and one month after discharge(T4-T1)(p<0.05). The lower initial BI score, the high. BI score at discharge, and the religious showed significantly higher improvement(T4-T1)(p<0.05). BI score at discharge and religion were significantly associated with the improvement of BI score between at discharge and one month after discharge(T4-T3)(p<0.05). The lower BI score at discharge, the religious showed significantly higher improvement(T4-T3)(p<0.05) Initial PS score were significantly associated with the improved in PS score between initial and discharge(T3-T1)(p<0.05). The higher initial PS score showed significantly hier improvement(T3-T1)(p<0.05). Initial PS score, Bi score at discharge, and patient's attitude for physical therapy after discharge were significantly associated with the improvement of PS score between initial and one month after discharge(T4- T1)(p <0.05). The higher initial PS scorer the lower PS score at discharge, patient's positive attitude for physical therapy after discharge showed significantly higher improvement(T4-T1)(p<0.05). PS score at discharge, Patient's attitude for Physical therapy after discharge were significantly associated with the improvement of PS score between discharge and one month after discharge(T4-T3)(p<0.05). The higher PS score at discharge, patient's positive attitude for physical therapy after discharge showed significantly higher improvement(T4-T3)(p<0.05). In conclusion, Initial BI score, BI score at discharge, age, and religion were significantly associated with BI score improvement. initial PS score, BI score discharge, and patient's attitude for physical therapy after discharge were significantly associated with PS score improvement in stroke patients.