• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2010

Objectives : The warm needling technique is a combination of acupuncture and moxibustion. The purpose of this study was to find the physical and thermal characteristics in order to identify the effects and mechanisms of the warm needling technique. Methods : In this study, the thermal changes were observed with a testo 845 device, which is an infra-red thermometer specifically designed for measuring a combustion of corn shaped moxibustion(moxa-corn). The thermal changes at the apex of the moxa-corn placed on the top of the an acupuncture were observed at the level of 1 cm and 2 cm from the apex to understand heat conduction through acupuncture needle for combustion of moxa-corn. Results and Conclusions : The thermal conduction through acupuncture needle from the moxa-corn was relative to the weight of moxa-corn and was inversely relative to the distance of the moxa-corn and acupuncture needle length. And the value of thermal conduction to the apex of the acupuncture needle from the moxa-corn was about $3{\sim}5^{\circ}C$. The above results suggest that the present study may be useful in finding the mechanism and effects of the warming needling technique.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.403-418
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• 2018

This study conducted synoptic and mesoscale analyses to understand the cause of Japan Tsukuba tornado development, which occurred at 0340 UTC 6 May 2012. Prior to the tornado occurrence, there was a circular jet stream over Japan, and the surface was moist due to overnight precipitation. The circular jet stream brought cold and dry air to the upper-level atmosphere which let strong solar radiation heat the ground with clearing of sky cover. A tornadic supercell developed in the area of potentially unstable atmosphere. Sounding data at Tateno showed a capping inversion at 900 hPa at 0000 UTC 6 May. Strong insolation in early morning hours and removal of the inversion instigated vigorous updraft with rotation due to vertical shear in the upper-level atmosphere. This caused multiple tornadoes to occur from 0220 to 0340 UTC 6 May 2012. When comparing Tateno's climatological temperature and dew-point temperature profile on the day of event, the mid-level atmosphere was moister than typical sounding in the region. This study showed that tornado development in Tsukuba was caused by a combination of (a) topography and potential vorticity anomaly, which increased vorticity over the Kanto Plain; (b) vertical shear, which produced horizontal vortex line; and c) thermal instability, which triggered supercell and tilted the vortex line in the vertical.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1257-1265
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• 2008

To lower the cost of ethanol distillation of fermentation broths, a high initial glucose concentration is desired. However, an increase in the substrate concentration typically reduces the ethanol yield because of insufficient mass and heat transfer. In addition, different operating temperatures are required to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis (50$^{\circ}C$) and fermentation (30$^{\circ}C$). Thus, to overcome these incompatible temperatures, saccharification followed by fermentation (SFF) was employed with relatively high solid concentrations (10% to 20%) using a portion loading method. In this study, glucose and ethanol were produced from Solka Floc, which was first digested by enzymes at 50$^{\circ}C$ for 48 h, followed by fermentation. In this process, commercial enzymes were used in combination with a recombinant strain of Zymomonas mobilis (39679:pZB4L). The effects of the substrate concentration (10% to 20%, w/v) and reactor configuration were also investigated. In the first step, the enzyme reaction was achieved using 20 FPU/g cellulose at 50$^{\circ}C$ for 96 h. The fermentation was then performed at 30$^{\circ}C$ for 96 h. The enzymatic digestibility was 50.7%, 38.4%, and 29.4% after 96 h with a baffled Rushton impeller and initial solid concentration of 10%, 15%, and 20% (w/v), respectively, which was significantly higher than that obtained with a baffled marine impeller. The highest ethanol yield of 83.6%, 73.4%, and 21.8%, based on the theoretical amount of glucose, was obtained with a substrate concentration of 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively, which also corresponded to 80.5%, 68.6%, and 19.1%, based on the theoretical amount of the cell biomass and soluble glucose present after 48 h of SFF.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 2020

In order to study wearable air cushion materials capable of responding to massive impact in high-altitude fall situation, high tenacity woven fabrics were bonded by heat only depending on various type of thermoplastic films and then mechanical properties were measured. Tensile strength, elongation, and 100% modulus measurement results for 4 types of films show that TPU-2 has higher impact resistance and easier expansion than PET-1. After thermal bonding, the combination with the highest tensile strength was a material with a TPU-2 film for nylon and a PET-2 film for PET, so there was a difference by type of fabric. The tear strength of the bonded materials were increased compared to the fabric alone, which shows that durability against damage such as tearing can be obtained through film adhesion. All of the peel strengths exceeded the values required by automobile airbags by about 5 times, and the TPU-2 bonded fabric showed the highest value. The air permeability was 0 L/dm2 /min. For both the film and the bonded material, which means tightness between the fabric and the film through thermal bonding. It is expected to be applied as a wearable air cushion material by achieving a level of mechanical properties similar to or superior to that of automobile airbags through the method of bonding film and fabric by thermal bonding.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.87-105
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• 2017

Objectives : Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is chronic skin disease characterized by allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Saeng-ryo-Samul-tang (SRSM) can treat skin disease by cooling down blood heat, cealering away congenital fever and detoxicating. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of SRSM on AD induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in mice Methods : In this study, the effects of SRSM on changes in body weights, thicknesses of dorsum skin, thicknesses and weights of ear, changes of symptoms on the dorsum skin, histopathological degree of ear and dorsum skin, IL-10 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in serum were observed. And the effects on the proliferation rates of splenocytes were also investigated in vivo and in vitro study. Results : In SRSM topical application (Topical) group, SRSM oral application (Oral) group and SRSM Combination (Combi) group thickness of dorsum skin decreased significantly. But in TPC, ORL and CBN group, weight of ear didn't show any changes, but thickness of ear decreased significantly. And TPC, ORL and CBN group showed meaningful effectiveness symptoms like desquamation and erythema on AD's clinical espect. In histopathological observation, spongiosis, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration of epidermal were remarkably diminished in TPC, ORL and CBN group. And SRSM diminished the proliferation rates of splenocytes in vivo and vitro study. Conclusions : The present study suggests that SRSM can significantly reduced symptoms of AD, therefore SRSM is effective to treatment of AD.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.20-33
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• 1993

The studies were conducted to determine the effects of preservatives such as sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate and sorbic acid on the survival of L. monocytogenes with regard to interaction of temperature, heat and pH of the medium. Inactivation of L. monocytogenes Scott A was more predominent by combination of sodium chloride and the other preservatives than sodium chloride alone, and inactivation was more exhilarated at $4^{\circ}C$ than at $35${\circ}C.$ The organism was not inactivated when sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate and sorbic acid were added to 3%, 100ppm, 0.1, or lower, respectively, but was inactivated in the concentration increased twice. In TSB(tryptic soy broth) at pH 5.0 or lower, the organism did not grow regadless of the kinds of preservatives, and inactivation effect particularly was prominent in the presence of sodium nitrite and sorbic acid. On the other hand, at pH 6.0 or higher L. monocytogenes gradually increased in numbers and the effects of inhibition was higher in the presence of sorbic acid than in the other preservatives. When the preservatives were added to the concentration commonly used, incubation in TSB at $4^{\circ}C$ gradually resulted in growth of the bacterium and the organism rapidly decreased in numbers at $20^{\circ}C\; or\; 35^{\circ}C$ after incubation for 1 week. When L. monocytogenes was inoculated in TSB containing various preservatives and heated at $55^{\circ}C$ for 30minutes, the organism decreased in numbers at all preservatives. Particularly, viability rate of the organism was the lowest as 0.07% in the presence of sorbic acid.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2005

For the good combination of high-temperature strength, toughness and creep property, $9-12\%$ chromium steels are often used for gas turbine compressors, steam turbine rotors, blade and casing. In this study, the correlation of microstructural evolution and mechanical properties was investigated fur the specimens heat-treated at 600, 650 and $700^{\circ}C$ for 1000, 3000 and 5000 hrs. The microstructure of as-received specimen was tempered martensite with a high dislocation density, small sub-grains and fine secondary phase such as $M_23C_6$. Aging for long-time at high temperature caused the growth of martensite lath and the decrease of dislocation density resulting in the decrease in strength. However, the evolution of secondary phases had influence on hardness, yield strength and impact property. In the group A specimen aged at $600^{\circ}C\;and\;650^{\circ}C$, Laves phase was observed. The Laves phase caused the increase of the hardness and the decrease of the impact property. In addition, the abrupt growth of secondary phases caused decrease of the impact property in both A and B group specimens.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2004

Today's popular ventilation systems include the combined jet fans and electrostatic precipitation systems or the combined jet fans and vertical shaft system. Tunnels with these two ventilation systems applied have been designed and opened, more and more interest has been put in maintenance of a tunnel after opening. Therefore. it is to become more important to come up with the optimal operation mode and the method for the evaluation of ventilation system. In this study, to evaluate a tunnel ventilation and its economy, a dynamic simulation program was developed which can simulate the unsteady-state tunnel air velocity and concentration of pollutants according to the traffic flow variations and operation condition of a ventilation system. We clarified the effectiveness usage on tunnel ventilation by using it and also we could found the most economical ventilation operation mode by application in real exit tunnel. We obtained that combination of fan system and electrostatic precipitation system was more economical than jet fan priority operation mode.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.842-847
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• 1998

Ohmic thawing in combination with conventional water immersion thawing was investigated. Frozen meat chunks $(10{\times}10{\times}10{\;}cm)$ were immersed in a water reservoir $(12{\times}12{\times}12{\;}cm)$ which temperature was maintained at $10^{\circ}C{\;}or{\;}20^{\circ}C$, and were positioned between two stainless-steel electrodes $(10{\times}10{\;}cm)$ having no direct contact with the samples. Alternating current $(60{\;}V{\sim}210{\;}V)$ at various frequency $(60{\;}Hz{\sim}60{\;}kHz)$ was used to generate internal heat by the electrical resistance. When the frequency was fixed to 60Hz, thawing time was reduced as the voltage increased. Frequency changes gave no significant effect on thawing time. Ohmically-thawed samples treated with lower voltage showed lower drip loss and higher water holding capacity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 1996

Polyphenol oxidase(PPO) isolated from the crude extract of ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, showed higher affinity for catechol than tyrosine or DL-DOPA. Successful enzyme assay could be performed at $25^{\circ}C$, 10min. by mixing 0.2ml of crude enzyme extract with 2.8ml of 0.13M catechol in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer(pH 6.4). The specific activity of PPO which had been purified with a combination of ammonium sulfate treatment, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and gel filtration on Sepharose 6B was 13-fold disc gel electrophoresis. The activity of PPO was stable from pH 5.0 to 8.0 and showed the peak activity at pH 6.4 .The optimum reaction temperature for PPO oxidation on catechol was 35$^{\circ}C$ and those enzyme were heat stable up to 4$0^{\circ}C$. Molecular weigth of the enzyme was estimated about 170kDa. One molecule was found to be composed of gour subunits. Two of them had molecular weigh of 55kDa and the others 30kDa. The {TEX}$K_{m}${/TEX} values, {TEX}$V_{max}${/TEX} and catalytic efficiency({TEX}$V_{max}${/TEX}/{TEX}$K_{m}${/TEX}) for catechol were 0.12mM, 2.5mM/liter/min. and {TEX}$0.18min^{-1}${/TEX} respectively. The substrate affinity and electrophorectic pattern suggested that the enzyme of ascidian was considered to be not tyosine but catechol oxidase.