• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2007

Many countries such as The Republic of Korea have established their own nutritional standards, collectively termed Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs), and they vary due to the science which was reviewed, the purposes for which they are developed, and issues related to nutrition and food policy in the country. The current effort by the Codex Alimentarius Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CNFSDU) to update the NRVs that were established following the Helsinki Consultation in 1988 represents an opportunity to develop a set of reference values reflecting current scientific information to be used or adapted by many countries. This paper will focus on possible approaches to selecting or developing reference values which would serve the intended purpose for nutrition labeling to the greatest extent possible. Within the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) is currently reviewing regulations on nutrition labeling to better address current health issues, and is expected to enter into a process in the next few months to begin to explore how best to update nutrient Daily Values (DVs), most of which are still based on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) of the Food and Nutrition Board, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, last reviewed and revised in 1968. In this presentation, I review the current purposes in the U.S. for nutrition labeling as identified in the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as amended, the scientific basis for current nutrition labeling regulations in the United States, and the recommendations made by the recent Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes in Nutrition Labeling of the Institute of Medicine (2003) regarding how to use the DRIs in developing new DVs to be used on the label in the United States and Canada. Based on these reviews, I then provide examples of the issues that arise in comparing one approach to another. Much of the discussion focuses on the appropriate role of nutrient labeling within the Nutrition Facts panel, one of the three major public nutrition education tools in the United States (along with MyPyramid and Dietary Guidelines for Americans).

• 과학기술학연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.1-48
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• 2014

최근 과학기술정치와 거버넌스는 중요한 사회문제로 대두되고 있어 과학기술학에서 이에 대한 심도 있는 이해가 필요하다. 이에 이 글은 이 영역에서 가장 중요한 연구제도, 규제정책, 그리고 과학기술 관련 사회운동의 독특한 성격을 한국이라는 구체적인 시공간적 맥락에서 논의한다. 첫째, 한국의 연구개발은 국가주도로 응용 개발 연구에 집중되어 이루어졌으며 선진국과 달리 국가주도의 과학의 상업화라는 특징을 보인다. 그 결과 국가주의적 과학관이 과학기술자와 대중에게 확산되었고, 연구의 성격과 연구조직의 획일화를 낳았다. 둘째, 한국의 과학기술규제정책은 대체로 선진국의 정책을 수용하는 형식으로 이루어지는데 이 과정에서 글로컬리제이션이 일어나고 있다. 그 결과 한국의 과학기술규제정책은 기술관료주의적인 구(舊)거버넌스와 사전예방적, 참여민주주의적인 신(新)거버넌스가 공존하는 특징을 보인다. 셋째, 과학기술 전문가주의와 정부 주도의 과학기술 거버넌스가 도전받으면서 생활, 환경, 안전, 건강 관련 쟁점들을 중심으로 아래로부터의 사회운동이 활발하게 전개되고 있다. 시민들의 자발적 참여와 협동적 지식인들의 활동에 기초한 시민사회의 지식정치는 한국의 과학기술이 더 이상 경제성장의 도구로 머물 수 없다는 점을 분명히 한다. 결론에서는 이러한 한국적 특징들이 과학기술의 거버넌스 연구와 정책에 주는 함의가 현재의 과학기술 거버넌스 상황과 연관 지어 논의된다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.339-346
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• 2011

Over the past few decades, drug regulatory agencies in advanced countries have been emphasizing pharmacometrics as a tool for an effective and efficient drug evaluation. Despite this international movement, the value of pharmacometrics is still poorly recognized by the Korean drug evaluation system. This study aimed to analyze the current state of utilization of pharmacometrics by foreign drug regulatory agencies and develop a road map to guide the implementation pharmacometrics into the Korean drug evaluation system. MEDLINE and foreign drug regulatory agency database were extensively searched to obtain scientific research articles, guidance, regulations and pharmacometric review reports on foreign pharmacometric drug evaluation system. A systematic roadmap comprised of 3 stages to implement pharmacometrics in Korean drug evaluation system was formulated after analyzing the collected data in tune with the current evaluation system. Pharmacometrics is an urgently required tool to achieve an efficient drug evaluation and review in Korea. The road map developed by this study is expected to aid in setting up a policy to implement and utilize pharmacometrics in Korea.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.245-256
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• 2007

세계 유기농가 수는 약 25만호에 달하며 세계시장의 유기제품판매액은 27,800백만불(2006)에 이른다. 유기축산물 주요소비국은 EU 및 미국이며 주요품목은 우유, 양고기, 쇠고기이다. EU와 미국의 유기식품 시장점유율은 2% 미만이며 이중 유기축산물의 비중은 17%(미국)이다. 유기축산물의 주된 유통통로는 수퍼마?R(유럽), 건강식품전문매장(미국)이며 Tesco, Walmart 등과 같은 대형체인점의 판매비중도 증가하는 추세이다. 국가간 유기축산물교역량은 극히 적으며 주로 개발국 특히 유럽국가 간에 활성화하고 있다. 앞으로의 유기식품시장은 남미, 중동, 오세아니아를 중심으로 급성장할 것이다. 그러나 성장속도는 높은 가격, 유통인프라 미비, 유사유기축산물의 시장진입, 국가간의 인증 기준차이 등에 의해 제한될 것이다. 유기축산 선발국들은 유기농업을 농촌사회의 발전, 농업 생산방식의 다양화, 환경개선 등을 위한 정책적 수단으로 활용하고 있다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.439-445
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• 2017

본 연구는 최근 화장품 유해성분에 관한 이슈를 끊임없이 제기되면서 네일 제품에서 발생할 수 있는 유해물질 인체 노출 저감을 위한 안전관리 방안 마련을 목적으로 국내외 문헌고찰을 통해 네일 제품의 안전 표시 기준 현황을 비교 분석하고, 네일 제품 내 유해물질 허용 기준치 초과 사례를 파악하였다. 연구 결과 국내 유통된 인조 손톱 접착제와 네일팁에서 각각 톨루엔 40.3배, 클로로포름 22.8배, 안티몬 15.4배 초과 검출되었다. 선진국은 다양한 정책연구 및 법제화를 통해 작업장 물질안전보건자료 제공 및 환기 장치 설치 등을 의무화하고 있으나 국내에서는 별도의 안전 기준이 없어 네일 제품을 통한 유해물질 인체 노출이 심각한 상황이다. 따라서 네일 제품 작업환경 종사자 소비자 각각의 특성에 맞게 세부 네일 유해물질 안전관리 규정이 우선적으로 정립되어야 하고, 이에 따른 다양한 교육 프로그램 개발 및 보급을 통해 유해물질 화장품에 대한 인지도를 제고한다면 국민의 질병예방 및 건강증진의 융복합적 차원에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• 경영정보학연구
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2021

글로벌 비즈니스 환경이 급변함에 따라 각국의 경제정책 패러다임도 지속적으로 변화한다. 그중 중소기업 육성은 많은 선진국의 핵심적인 정책으로 자리 잡았다. 중소기업의 성장은 고용 없는 성장시대의 일자리 창출과 지역사회 발전에 기여한다. 특히, 중소기업의 성장은 중견기업, 대기업으로 성장하는 밑거름이 된다. 따라서 중소기업의 성장은 국가 경제에 중요한 역할을 할 것이다. 최근 4차 산업혁명으로 정보통신기술이 주목받는 가운데, ICT 중소기업의 성장은 국가 미래산업으로 주목받고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 ICT 중소기업의 성과에 연구개발 요인이 어떠한 영향을 미치는 검증한다. 이를 위해 과학기술정보통신부에서 조사한 ICT 중소기업 실태조사의 응답을 바탕으로 실증한다. 실증분석 결과 첫째, 자원기반이론에 입각한 ICT 중소기업의 연구개발 투자, 연구개발 인력, 정부지원정책은 기업의 경쟁우위 확보에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 기업의 경쟁우위인 4차 산업활용, 제품의 수준은 기업의 매출에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 기업의 성장단계에 따라 인수합병 및 기술확보방법이 다른 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 ICT 중소기업의 기술혁신과 기업성과를 달성하기 위해서는 정부 지원정책과 내부 연구개발 인력 확보 및 투자가 주요 요인이며, 기업의 성장단계에 따라 기술확보전략이 다른 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.542-554
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• 1989

The skyrocketing inflation of medical costs has become a major health problem among most developed countries. Korea, which recently covered the entire population with National Health Insurance, is facing the same problem. The proportion of health expenditure to GNP has increased from 3% to 4.8% during the last decade. This was remarkable, if we consider the rapid economic growth during that time. A few policy analysts began to raise cost containment as an agenda, after recognizing the importance of medical cost inflation. In order to Prepare an appropriate alternative for the agenda, it is necessary to find out reasons for the cost inflation. Then, we should focus on the reasons which are controllable, and those whose control are socially desirable. This study is designed to articulate the theory of medical cost inflation through literature reviews, to find out reasons for cost inflation, by analyzing aggregated data with a deterministic model. Finally to identify determinants of changes in both medical demand and service intensity which are major reasons for cost inflation. The reasons for cost inflation are classified into cost push inflation and demand pull inflation, The former consists of increases in price and intensity of services, while the latter is made of consumer derived demand and supplier induced demand. We used a time series (1983-1987), and cross sectional (over regions) data of health insurance. The deterministic model reveals, that an increase in service intensity is a major cause of inflation in the case of inpatient care, while, more utilization, is a primary attribute in the case of physician visits. Multiple regression analysis shows that an increase in hospital beds is a leading explanatory variable for the increase in hospital care. It also reveals, that an introduction of a deductible clause, an increase in hospital beds and degree of urbanization, are statistically significant variables explaining physician visits. The results are consistent with the existing theory, The magnitude of service intensity is influenced by the level of co-payment, the proportion of old age and an increase in co-payment. In short, an increase in co-payment reduced the utilization, but it induced more intensities or services. We can conclude that the strict fee regulation or increase in the level of co-payment can not be an effective measure for cost containment under the fee for service system. Because the provider can react against the regulation by inducing more services.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.39-57
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• 2021

Purpose - This research uses ocean marine insurance (OMI) statistics, international emails, focus-group interviews, and surveys to fill the gap between the theory of behavioral insurance, particularly status quo bias (SQB), and the practice of OMI in Korea. The contractual forms of OMI, the oldest and most globalized form of commercial insurance, were developed in the UK as the Institute Cargo Clauses in 1906 and revised in 1963, 1982, and 2009. SQB has been academically explored, mostly in health insurance and the financial services sector, but never in OMI. Thanks to the availability of OMI statistics in Korea, we can conduct SQB research here for the first time in this field. Design/methodology - We show the existence of SQB in the OMI of Korea through Korean statistics between 2009 and 2018, email correspondence with experts in the UK, Germany, and Japan, focus-group interviews with Korean OMI underwriters, an in-depth interview with one underwriter, and a survey of 15 OMI insureds (company representatives). Findings - We find that Korean foreign traders rely on the old-type OMI contracts developed in 1963, whereas other industrialized countries use the newest type of OMI contract developed in 2009. With a simple loss ratio analysis during 2009-2018, we show that the behavior of insurers has little to do with rational profit maximization and is instead driven by irrational bias, as they forgo the more profitable contracts provided by the new clauses by keeping the old clauses. The consistent addiction to old types of contracts in the OMI market suggests strong SQB among Korean exporters, importers, bankers, or insurers, which we confirmed in our interviews and survey. Originality/value - This research has significant originality and academic value because it reports new findings with crucial implications for the development of efficient trade practices and policy. First, this research is based on actual statistics that have not been used in previous Korean research on OMI. Second, this research shows that all-risk OMI policies provide more value to insureds, in terms of coverage given premium, than partial coverage policies, which differs from arguments previously made in Korea. Third, this research reveals strong SQB in Korea, where foreign trade plays a pivotal role in economic growth. That bias could be attributable to uninformed traders, informed but idle insurers, or conservative bankers. Fourth, to further develop foreign trade, policy initiatives are needed to review the current practices of OMI contracts and move forward with the new contract forms. All of these findings and arguments are both new and important.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.61-74
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• 1983

The proportion of people who contacted pulmonary T.B. in Korea has drastically decreased as a result of the incessant effort of the Korean government which adopted a policy of“drive out T.B.”as its foremost health policy. However, the proportion still remains relatively high com-pared with that of developed countries. This study attempts to find some means for guiding and educating college students who have T.B. in their health care by (1) first determining the effect if their self-concept and health beliefs on their behavior in regard to their disease and (2) then predicting the level of compliance of the new patients to the treatment suggested by the health specialist, before the commencement of the treatment. The subjects of this study consisted of 88 mald and female students at Y University who were diagnosed as minimal pulmonary T.B. patients and registered at the health clinic of Y University during the period between September 1, 1981 and March 31, 1953. Data were collected from them by means of questionnaire and interview. The instruments used for this study were (1) a part of Junghoon Choi's“Perceptual Orientation ,Scale”for measuring self-perception of patients and (2) Rosenberg's questionnaire for measuring patients' evaluation of self-esteem, and (3) an instrument for measuring patients' health beliefs which was developed by this researcher utilizing information available from references. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chisquare test, Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test. The findings were as follows: 3. Test of hypotheses 1) Hypothesis 1: Patients with high self-concept will be high in health beliefs. For testing this hypothesis a calculation of Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the patients' self-concept and their health beliefs was carried out. The result of this test was -. 0756 which was not significant at α=.05 and hence hypothesis 1 was not supported. 2) Hypothesis 2: Patients with a high self-concept will tend to be high in compliance with the suggested treatment. Again a Pearson correlaton coefficient was calculated between the two variaibles in the hypothesis. The calculated coefficient r was .1558 which was not significant at α=.05. Hence hypothesis 2 was rejected. 3) Hypothesis 3: Patients with high susceptibility will have a high compliance level. The correlation coefficient between the two variables was -.1975, which was significant at α=.05 but due to the negative sign hypothesis 3 could not be accepted. 4) Hypothesis 4: Patients who take their disease seriously will have a higher compliance level. The calculated correlation coefficient between the variables in this hypothesis was .1642 which was not significant at α=.05 and hence hypothesis 4 was rejected. 5) Hypothesis 5: Patients with a high sense of the benefit of treatment will have a high level of compliance. The computed correlation coefficient was .3129 which was significant at α=.05 and hence hypothesis 5 was acepted. 2. Findings from the correlation analysis were as follows: 1) Patients' susceptibility and their compliance to treatment was negatively correlated (r= -. 1975) which was significant at α= .05. This implies that as the patients' level of susceptibility increases their compliance level decreases. 2) Patients' susceptibility and their self-concept were negatively correlated (r= -. 1790) which was again singnificant at α=.05. The implication of this is that as the patients’self concept increases their susceptibility to disease decreases. 3) Patients' self-concept and their sense of benefit derieved from the treatment was positively correlated (r=.1970) which was significant at α=.05. That is, patients with a high self-concept perceived a great sense of benefit from the treatment. To summarize, patients who are low in susceptibility have a high level of compliance and self-concept.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.3-25
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• 2011

최근 국내에서는 지방자치단체나 민간단체들에 의하여 동물을 야생생태계로 방출하는 사업이 일종의 유행처럼 증가하고 있다. 2002년에 야생생태계로 방출된 동물은 포유류와 조류에 불과하였으나 2007년는 포유류, 조류를 비롯하여 어류, 양서류, 파충류, 무척추동물 등으로 확대되는 등 방출되는 동물의 종류가 증가하고 그 개체수도 증가하고 있다. 그러나 국내의 방출사업의 경우, 본래 그 지역 야생생태계에서 역사적으로나 생태적으로 서식하지 않았던 동물종을 방출하거나 또는 방출 후 해당 지역에 끼칠 수 있는 위해성을 사전에 평가하지 않은 채 방출함으로써 생태적, 경제적 및 공중보건적 피해들이 발생하고 있다. 이러한 피해 발생의 주된 원인으로는 방출되는 동물을 법 제도적으로 규율하는 국내의 위해성 관리기제가 부재하기 때문이다. 이에 반해 선진국들은 동물의 야생생태계 방출로 인한 피해를 사전에 예방하고자 자생종과 외래종을 포함한 모든 동물종의 야생생태계 방출 시에 세계자연보전연맹이 제정한 'IUCN/SSC의 재도입을 위한 지침'을 준수하거나 또는 자국 생태계 여건에 부합한 별도의 위해성 관리기제를 마련하여 방출하도록 규율하고 있다. 본고는 국내 동물의 야생생태계 방출 현황과 방출로 인한 생태적, 경제적, 공중보건적 피해 및 위해 사례에 대한 수집 분석을 통해 방출 관련 위해성 관리의 필요성을 제시하고, 국내 방출 관련 법 제도의 미비점을 파악하여 이를 선진국의 위해성 관리기제와 비교 분석함으로써 국내 여건에 맞는 방출 관련 위해성 관리방안을 제시하였다.