• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.119-132
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• 1973

This study observed on habitual methods of toilet training for infants and toddlers in Korea thru 300 mothers at four medical institutions Ewha Woman′s University Hospital, Ewha Maternal and Child Health Center, Severance Hospital and Seoul National University Hospital) with a design to analyze beginning time, duration of period, methods employed, motives, equipments used, special terminology used for the subject training. The main purpose of this study was to generalize the proper methods of toilet training, and also to contribute a better psychological education for the mother and child. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Majority of (67.3%) observed were in the age category between 30 and 40 years, and dominant numbers (64.7%) were housewives with high level of education and from middle class family background. 2. In the most cases (85%), toilet training was carried out by mothers(including wives who had a job) while more than half of mothers (53.7%) maintained their important motive for the training was "due to having high regard for cleanliness" 3. As for the time of beginning toilet training: finding indicated that starting period was decided (70%) at inconsiderate desertion of each mother. whereas, only minority group (30%) represents the cases where mother started the training when they consider tile child was physically and psychologically randy. Also greater number (77.7%) started bladder training prior to that of bowel. 4. It is noticeable that in course of training a large number of mothers (48.3%) applied strict training method when the child proper talenting, and the more rigid and strict in tile training. the more malformation of personality of the infant and toddler were seen after the training period (P<0.01). 5. Over the half of the total cases denoted (bowel 54.3%, bladder 67.7%) starting period before one year and in most cases (bowel 79.3%, bladder 729)the training was accomplished within 12 month, and therefore it was noted that earlier start(before 1 year) shortened the training period (with 12 month) . There was no significant difference between male and female infants in both starting period and duration of period in bladder training, however, in bowel training there was a tendency that female started earlier(7-12 months needed, 51.4%) than tile male (13-18 months needed, largest number 41.4%), and also in cases of female the period for needed for training were shorter than the cases of male. 6. Many a number (bowel 50.3%, bladder 97.7%) employed the method of continuous talenting at regular interval in accordance with that of child′s habit formed before training. Equipment used were various kinds, however, pieces of paper for male (45.5%) and piss pot or bedpost (42.3%) for female were common, on the other hand, "Eung-ga" for defecation (52.3%) and "Shii" for the urination (95.3%) were most standard expression that used during the training period.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.795-804
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop of nutritional education activities and effect evaluation in related curriculums for all Dongbu Elementary School children in Jinhae by the teacher in charge. This educational purpose was to build a desirable dietary behavior for optimal growth and health in elementary school children. The educational program contents were developed according to 1) selection of content related curriculums 2) analysis of contents related on dietary habits by grade 3) preparation teaching plans to build desirable dietary habits 4) development of teaching manual by turns. Twelve hours of nutrition education at all school classes were done from March 2 to December 10 2004 in Dongbu Elementary School in Jinhae, Gyeongnam. The education effects were evaluated through the questionnaire surveys before and after the education and their comparative analysis. The results of this study were summarized as follows : Forty percent of the underweight group, $22.8\%$ of the normal group, $42.2\%$ of the obese group had the wrong perceptions on their body figures, but after nutrition education $80.5\%$ of the underweight group, $94.3\%$ of the normal group, $97.9\%$ of the obese group gleaned the correct perceptions on their body figures (p < 0.001). As the effects of the education, the subjects who exercise more than 3 times in a week increased in all groups (p < 0.01-0.001), notably in the obese group. Meal regularity (p < 0.001) , skipping meals (p < 0.001), eating rate and snack selection patterns (p < 0.01-p < 0.001) also improved by nutrition education. We could also observe the effects of the nutrition education through the affirmative statements which appeared in their dietary records. These results showed a possibility of nutrition education activities in related curriculums to improve in dietary habits of school children. Next year, we will start with the system of nutrition teachers in elementary school, but nutrition teacher cannot undertake the task of teaching and food service management alone. Because of that, we intend to develop this program as an alternative proposal for the nutrition education in elementary schools. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) $795\∼804$, 2005)

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2007

This study was designed to investigate the difference of airborne lead concentration by type of lead industries and type of lead exposure and to evaluate their association with lead biomarkers of lead workers in 11 lead using industries. Total of 182 lead workers (male: 167, female: 15) from 11 lead industries were participated for this study from March, 2004 to August, 2005. Airborne lead concentration were measured by representative personal sampling of workers in each unit workplace and applied same concentration value to the workers in the same unit workplace who did not measure their airborne lead with personal air sampling. Tibia lead, blood lead, zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood, ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid in urine, hemoglobin and hematocrit were selected as study variables of indices of lead exposure. Information about type of lead exposure (fume or non-fume other), age, work duration, smoking & drinking habit were also collected. Significant differences were seen in the means of zinc protoporphyrin, blood lead and tibia lead in lead workers by different airborne lead concentration in workplace. While blood lead and tibia lead in lead workers were significantly higher in secondary smelting than other types of lead industries, zinc protoporphyrin, ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid in urine and airborne lead concentration were significantly higher in litharge manufacturing. While the mean blood lead was significantly higher in the lead workers working in fume type unit workplace than those of non-fume lead workers, the mean airborne lead concentration of fume workers was significantly lower than non-fume lead workers. In the multiple regression analysis of airborne lead concentration and the type of lead exposure on tibia lead and lead exposure indices after adjustment of related covariates, airborne lead concentration was statistically significantly associated with blood lead and tibia lead, but the type of lead exposure was only associated with blood lead. To verify the causal association of airborne lead concentration on blood lead and tibia lead, further studies are needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.653-674
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• 1995

This study was aimed at comparing the dietary patterns of university female students according to their residence type. As for subjects, one hundred and twenty students of Kongju national university were chosen as a total. They were devided into three groups ; those who live in family home, or university dormitory, or self-boarding house. In this study, intakes of food and nutrient and dietary behaviors of each group were investigated through two-day food records and questionnaire. The result was that mean daily intakes of calcium and iron were lower than RDAs in all groups. According to residence type, subjects of family home and self-boarding seemed to have more serious problem in the nutrients mentioned above considering the proportions of less than 2/3 of RDAs. Especially, iron status was poorer than any other nutrients in the aspects of this proportion and food source. Iron was taken largely from vegetable foods which were recognized as a source of low bioavailability of iron. The average distribution ratios of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack to total calorie intake was 22, 29, 30 and 19. Thus, it proved that breakfast tended to be more negligent than any other meals, and that snack was an important means to give nutrients for subjects. This meal pattern might be one of the factor for the decrease of the dietary quality. Processed foods were founded to be an important source for providing nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients intake were 30.6, 29.5 and 46.2. However, other nutrient intakes from processed foods such as vitamin and mineral were small. And processed foods which give nutrients were mainly cereal products like ra myon, bread, and milk and milk products. Consequently, processed foods seemed to be selected as a combinient substitute food which supply calorie to fill their hunger. According to the living type, dormitory students had them more frequently than any other groups. Food habit score was within the category of poor or fair. Particularly, the score of self-boarding students was the lowest of groups(p<0.05). The major dietary problems were small or overating, missing meal and irregular eating. The degree of these problems was a little different among groups(P<0.01). Nineteen kinds of food were consumed per day, and family home and self-boarding students had foods less variously than dormitory students(P<0.05). Proportions of skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner were 20.8, 12.5 and 8.3%. Accordingly, breakfast was missed more often than any other meals. And self-boarding students missed breakfast more often than any other groups. As a conclusion, subjects should take more calcium and iron, and eat diverse foods to improve their nutritional status. And it is also necessary that breakfast should be regarded more importantly, and that processed foods should be taken considering nutritional balance. In view of residence type, subjects of family home or self-boarding had more dietary problems than dormitory subjects. Thus, these results suggest that university female students might have low ability of meal management, and dietary patterns were different by their residence type. Therefore, nutrition education for them should be carried out with respect to dewelling environment.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.303-311
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• 2002

This study evaluated the concentrations of urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in industrial waste incineration workers. The effect of genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotic metabolism enzymes on urinary concentration of PAH metabolites was assessed. And, aromatic DNA adduct levels were also determined in total white blood cells. Fifty employees were recruited from a company handling industrial wastes located in Ansan, Korea: non-exposed group (n=21), exposed group (n=29). Sixteen ambient PAHs were determined by GC/MSD (NIOSH method) from personal breathing zone samples of nine subjects near incinerators. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG), a major pyrene metabolite, was assayed by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy after immunoaffinity purification using monoclonal antibody 8E11 (SFS/IAC). Multiplex PCR was used for genotyping for GSTMI/TI and PCR-RFLP for genotyping of CYP1A1 (MspI and Ile/Val). PAH-DNA adducts in peripheral blood WBC were measured by the nuclease P1-enhanced postlabeling assay. Smoking habit, demographic and occupational information were collected by self-administered questionnaire. The range of total ambient PAH levels were 0.00-7.00 mg/㎥ (mean 3.31). Urinary 1-OHPG levels were significantly higher in workers handling industrial wastes than in those with presumed lower exposure to PAHs (p=0.006, by Kruskal-Wallis test). There was a statistically significant dose-response increase in 1-OHPG levels with the number of cigarettes consumed per day (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.686, p<0.001). Urinary 1-OHPG levels in occupationally exposed smoking workers were highest compared with non-occupationally exposed smokers (p=0.053, by Kruskal-Wallis test). Smoking and GSTMI genotype were significant predictors for log-transformed 1-OHPG by multiple regression analysis (overall model R²=0.565, p<0.001), whereas smoking was the only significant predictor for log-transformed aromatic DNA adducts (overall model R²=0.249, p=0.201). Aromatic DNA adducts was also a significantly correlation between log transferred urinary 1-OHPG levels (pearson's correlation coefficient=0.307, p=0.04). However, the partial correlation coefficient adjusting for Age, Sex, and cigarette consumption was not significant (r=0.154, p=0.169). The significant association exists only in individuals with the GSTMI null genotype (pearsons correlation coefficient=0.516, p=0.010; partial correlation coefficient adjusting for age, sex, and cigarette consumption, r=0.363, p=0.038). Our results suggest that the significant increase in urinary 1-OHPG in the exposed workers is due to higher prevalence of smokers among them, and that the association between urinary PAH metabolites and aromatic DNA adducts in workers of industrial waste handling may be modulated by GSTMI genotype. There results remain to be confirmed in future larger studies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권10호
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• pp.938-945
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• 2004

The purposes of this study were to survey the present situation of nutrition education in junior/senior high school, to analyze the difference between the favorite subjects on students and the existing subject done by dietitians on nutrition education, and then to identify the subjects of nutritional education for junior/senior high school students. Self-administered questionnaires were given to dietitians and students and 142 of the 200 dietitians (71.0%) and 479 of the 564 students (84.9%) responded to the questionnaire on the nutritional education. According to the survey results, 76.1 % of school dietitians currently were doing nutrition education for students while the other 23.9% didn't have such education programs even though they recognized the necessity strongly. The target of nutrition education was student rather than parents or teacher generally and the principal measuring method for nutrition education effect was change of plate waste and leftover'. It was found that significant difference in the collector and source of nutritional education information between junior and senior high school dietitians (p< .05) . About ninety-eight percentage of dietitians felt that nutrition education should keep pace with meal service and this meant that almost respondent recognized the necessity of nutrition education for students. Because the most serious one among operational problems of nutrition education program was lack of enough time owing to too many affairs as dietitian, junior and senior high schools should support so that dietitians would share enough time for nutrition education. And also, a gap was existed between actual and favorite subjects on nutrition education. Significant differences existed in the following subjects; 'basic concept of food and nutrition', 'disease and nutrition', 'food culture in the world', 'cooking and culinary art', 'food of the 24 divisions of the year in the lunar calendar', 'food waste and environmental issue', 'food habit and food behavior', 'exercise and nutrition' (p< .001) 'table manner', 'food and individual sanitation', 'recommended dietary allowance' (p < .01) and 'menu planning' (p< .05) .Finally, 24 subjects of nutritional education were selected based on the survey results. These subjects would be expected to be able to contribute the effective and interesting nutrition education program for junior and senior high school students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1980

For the purpose of ascertaining the status of physical growth and food habit of obese children, a study was made of 1086 primary school children ranging between 2nd and 3ra grades living in Kwang-ju City in Korea. 66 subjects were selected from an anthropometrical point of view and they were classified into two groups, an obese group and a control group, according to their relative body weight. Food habits of each group were observed by means of questionnaires. In the statistical analysis of the data, percentage calculation and T-score test were used. The results of the study can be summarized as follows; 1) Viewed from relative body weight, 3.0% of the 1,086 subjects turned out to be obese, and the measure of skinfold showed 2.4%. 2) Physical growth of the obese growth is superior to that of the control group in all aspects. 3) The average score of food preference by means of Hedonic scaling method by the obese group is 3.90, while that of food preference by the control group is 3.76. The most favored food by the obese group is ice cream (4.91), while that of most favored food by the control group is banana (4.75). The statistically meaningful foods of the two groups are cucumber (0.02>p>0.01), orange (p<0.02), peach(0.05>p>0.02), watermelon (p <0.01) and ice cream (p<0.01). The score of food preference for protein foods by the obese group is 3.78 and that of food preference by the control group is 3.57(0.05>p>0.02). The excessive food intake per meal of the obese group is 45.4%, while that of the control group is 19.7% (0.05>p>0.02). Ratio of taking severely unbalanced food by the obese group is 15.1%, while that of the control group is 50.0% (p<0.01). 4) 30.3% of mothers of the obese group is fat, while 15.1% of mothers of the control group is fat (p<0.01). Concerning body weight at birth, 90.9% of the obese group and 63.6% of the control group are above-average weight. (p <0.01). From the results shown above, the obesity in children is almost due to food. It is hoped, therefore, that overeating be discouraged through the nutrition education.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.323-332
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• 2004

본 연구는 타각적 굴절검사인 자동 굴절검사기기를 사용하였고 근용굴절력을 검사하였다. 대상자는 대구지역에 거주하는 중 장년 남,여들로 구성되어 있다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 검사 대상자는 남자 161명(29.98%), 여자 356명(70.02%)으로 총 537명으로 구성된다. 2. 검사 대상자 중에서 비정시의 분포는 근시 6명(1.12%), 원시 15명(2.79%), 그 외는 난시 516명(96.09%)이다. 3. 난시안 중에서 난시 종류 따른 분포는 근시성복성난시 89명(16.57%), 원시성복성난시 245명(45.62%), 혼합난시 182명(33.89%)이다. 4. 근시도의 등가구면굴절력(M.S.E)은 -0.50D${\leq}$M.S.E.<-1.00D에 속하는 비율이 39명(21.67%), -1.0000${\leq}$M.S.E.<-2.000 에 속하는 비율이 88명(48.89%)%, -2.00D${\leq}$M.S.E.<-6.00D에 속하는 비율이 53명(29.44%)이다. 5. 원시도의 등가구면굴절력(H.S.E)은 +0.50D${\leq}$H.S.E.<+1.00D에 속하는 비율이 102명(28.57%), +1.00D${\leq}$H.S.E.<+2.00D에 속하는 비율이 176명(49.30%), +2.00D${\leq}$H.S.E.<+6.00D에 속하는 비율이 79명(23.13%)이다. 6. 가입도의 분포를 살펴보면 대상자 537명 중에서 1.00D는 43명(8.01%), 1.50D는 46명(8.57%), 2.00D는 74명 (13.78%), 2.50D는 89명(16.57%), 3.00D는 91명(16.95%), 3.50D는 96명(17.88%), 4.00D는 98명(18.25%)이다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1817-1823
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• 2016

Areca nut (AN) chewing is a habit in many countries in Central, Southern, and Southeast Asia. It is strongly associated with the occurrence of oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer as well as systemic inflammation. However, the association between AN intake and the development of gastric lesions has not yet been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of AN on gastric diseases using a mouse model for Helicobacter pylori infection. We studied four groups of mice: those fed a normal diet (ND), those fed a diet containing 2.5% AN (AD), those fed ND and infected with H. pylori PMSS1 strain (ND/HP), and those fed AD and infected with H. pylori PMSS1 strain (AD/HP). Food intake and body weight were monitored weekly during the experiments. At 10 weeks, the mice were sacrificed, and the stomach weight, H. pylori colonization, and gastric inflammation were evaluated. The stomach weight had increased significantly in the ND/HP and AD/HP groups along with increases in H. pylori colonization; however, there was no significant difference between these two groups with respect to stomach weight and colonization. On histological grading, mononuclear cell infiltration was severer in the AD/HP group than in the ND/HP group. These data suggest that chronic gastric inflammation was aggravated by AN treatment in the mice with H. pylori-induced gastric lesions. Furthermore, as previously suggested, this animal model is useful to determine the effect of potential carcinogens on gastric lesions induced by H. pylori infection.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.430-441
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• 2014

본 연구는 간호대학생의 근골격계 질환에 대한 지식 및 태도, 그리고 잘못된 생활습관자세의 정도를 확인하고 그 관계를 규명하기 위한 목적으로 시행된 서술적 조사연구이다. 본 연구는 2013년 9월 2일부터 17일까지 구조화된 질문지를 이용하여 진행되었으며, 수집된 간호대학생 272명의 자료는 t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient 등을 통해 분석되었다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 점수가능범위 1~5점 중 근골격계 질환에 대한 지식은 2.75점, 근골격계 질환에 대한 태도는 3.24, 잘못된 생활습관자세는 3.21점으로 나타났으며, 잘못된 생활습관자세 중 소파에 눕는 자세, 가방을 한쪽 어깨에 메는 자세, 다리를 꼬아서 앉는 자세가 다른 자세들에 비해 높은 점수를 나타냈다. 둘째, 잘못된 생활습관자세 중 옆으로 누워서 자는 자세, 허리를 구부리고 물건을 드는 자세, 의자에 등을 붙이지 않고 엉덩이를 걸치고 앉는 자세만이 근골격계 질환에 대한 지식 및 태도와 유의한 음의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 본 연구 결과가 간호대학생들의 잘못된 생활습관자세 교정의 필요성에 대한 이해를 높이고, 이들의 근골격계 건강증진을 위한 프로그램 개발 시 지식 및 태도 측면을 강화시킬 수 있는 중재 전략의 기초자료로서 활용될 수 있기를 기대한다.