• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.123-129
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual conditions of the subjective oral malodor perception of the survey subjects. Through the subjective questionnaire method over about 3 months from June to August in 2007, the data was collected targeting 275 adults. Statistical methods used were Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and One-way ANOVA. And, the following results were obtained. 1. When having seen the ratio of those who were conscious of oral malodor, the adults, who responded with saying of feeling oral malodor at present and at ordinary times, accounted for 68.4% and 79.3%, respectively. And, the adults, who responded with saying of not feeling, were indicated to be 31.6%(at present) and 20.7%(at ordinary times), respectively. 2. Almost 83.5% of total people answered that they had most severe oral malodor at the time of awakening and 51.9% of subjects answered tongue contributed to the their oral malodor. 3. About the type of oral malodor, although 37.2% of the group thought the type of oral malodor was a food smell and fetid smell was second general burning smell occurred the time of hunger(22.5%). 4. In the answers of hoping for treatment of oral malodor, 66.9% of the people showed positive response to dental treatment for controlling their oral malodor. Especially 7.3% of subjects showed very big desire for treatment. 5. In the level of oral malodor that is felt now according to the time of a meal, the case of within 1 hour after having a meal was responded to be not felt the oral malodor with 44.7%. And, there was response with saying of not feeling oral malodor in 37.6% as for 1-2 hours, 16.3% as for 2-3 hours, 14.8% as for 3-4 hours, and 23.7% as for more than 4 hours. Thus, the level of oral malodor according to the time of a meal showed the statistically significant difference(p<0.01). Through the results of this study, it could be known about whether or not being conscious of oral malodor in general people, the main cause and region for oral malodor, the importance and practicing method of tongue brush through literature. Accordingly, there is necessity of further researching and comparing whether or not being conscious of oral malodor by diversely surveying relevancy with factors of causing oral malodor based on the objective oral malodor measurement value. The future diverse researches are thought to be necessarily performed in order to prevent or reduce oral malodor.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.791-805
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• 2015

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beaur) is a native Korean herbal medical food and a native millet, and Koreans have eaten it as a substitute for rice since ancient times. Foods using foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beaur) have been recorded not only in cookbooks but also in Korean traditional medical books several times. Therefore, the purposes of this study was to investigate Food-Therapy (食治) using foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beaur) recorded in the literature from 1300 to 1600 from early to mid-Joseon (朝鮮) and provide data required to develop menus for Yaksun (藥膳, herbal food). This study examined Food-Therapy using foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beaur) in 10 types of literatures from the 1300s to the 1600s. and is described in the literature a total of 63 times. According to classification by cooking method, porridge (粥) was most frequently mentioned in the literature at 27 times. The cooking method of Soup (湯) is described 11 times. Cooking methods such as porridge juice and soup are frequently used since those methods are digestive and absorptive. Other food ingredients described using foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beaur) are white leek (Allii Fistulosi Bulbus) ginger (Zingiber officinale), chicken egg, Allium chinense, sparrow (Passer montanus), rooster liver, Du-si, crucian carp (Carassius auratus L), and white broiler. Other medicinal herbs described with Setaria italica are Panax ginseng (人蔘), Poria cocos (茯笭), Angelica acutiloba (當歸), Ziziphus jujuba (大棗), Liriopeplatyphylla (麥門冬), and cinnamon (肉桂). Food-Therapy using Setaria italica L. Beauv was described as a prescription for stomach and spleen (脾胃), stomach reflux (反胃), defecation and urinary disorder (大小便難), cholera, deficiency syndrome (虛症), and tonification (補益). This focus on promoting health and preventing diseases by strengthening the stomach and spleen and improving defecation and urination using Food-Therapy when herbal medicine was rare.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.491-499
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• 2020

Increasing impervious surfaces can cause various physical and mental illnesses as well as further problems like deterioration of the thermal environment and disconnection of the water circulation system in the downtown area. This study is intended to suggest baseline data for the future creation or remodelation of large-scaled urban parks in consideration of human health on the aspect of climate by analyzing air ions condition and correlation analysis between air ions and meteorological elements depending on distances from the center in the urban park. The study site was divided into four types by distances from the center of Olympic Park in Songpa-gu, Seoul, then classified as A and B. After selecting 80 points to record, land coverage and vegetation status were investigated, and then meteorological elements and air ions were measured. First, the green space rate by section is A section Center (90%)> Inner (70%)> Outer-inner (10%) = Outer (10%), B section Center (100%)> Inner (60%)> Outer- In order of inner (30%)> Outer (0%). Second, for weather factors, the temperature was analyzed by Outer (24.18℃) > Outer-inner (22.90℃) > Inner (22.43℃) > Center (21.719℃). For relative humidity, center (46.49%) > Inner (43.36%) > Outer-inner (42.41%) > Outer (38.53%) was analyzed. Third, In the case of cations in the air ions, Outer(435.71ea/㎤) > Outer-inner(415.16ea/㎤) > Inner (389.46ea/㎤) > Center (352.64ea/㎤). In the case of negative ions, Center (569.72ea/㎤) > Inner (499.83ea/㎤) > Outer-inner(410.58ea/㎤) > Outer (292.02ea/㎤). It was analyzed to increase toward Center, and analyzed to decrease with increasing distance from road. For the Air ion index, it was analyzed as Center (1.67) > Inner (1.31) > Outer-inner (1.08) > Outer (0.71). Negative irons was analyzed to increase when its measuring points close to the center and decrease with shortening distance to the road. Fourth, as a result of correlation analysis, positive(+) correlation is negative ions and ion index. These were measured to increase as the recording points closing to the center of the park from the road. The negative(-) correlation is temperature, solar radiation, and positive ions. These increased as getting closer to the road.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2014

Community-acquired antimicrobial resistant bacteria are an emerging problem world-wide. In Korea, resistant bacteria are more prevalent than in other industrialized countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the isolation frequency of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), Pseudomonas, and Enterobacteriaceae from surrounding environment (home, colleges, public transportation system and possessions) in Seoul, and to examine the level of drug resistance to 13 antimicrobial agents, which are in wide spread clinical use in Korea, as well as new agent, tigecycline in Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Of total 239 samples, 18 (7.5%) MRS, 10 (4.2%) Pseudomonas, and 30 (12.6%) Entarobacteriaceae were isolated. A total of 5 (2.1%) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were detected in home (2 samples), colleges (1 sample), and et cetera (2 sample). A total of 5 (2.1%) Escherichia coli were detected in in home (1 samples), public transportations (3 sample), and et cetera (1 sample). Resistance to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, ${\beta}$-lactams, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides was found in 71.9%, 71.9%, 68.8%, 68.8%, 50.0%, and 25.0% of 32 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, respectively. Also, resistance rate to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole of the isolates was a 43.8%. Moreover, 59.4% of the isolates were resistant to new agent, tigecycline and resistance to all agents tested was observed in 3 isolates. Five E. coli isolates were resistant to most of the agents tested, but some of them were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. This study can serve as a data point for future comparisons of possible changes in antibiotic resistance levels in surrounding environment. And multilateral strategies for preventing the incidence and spread of antibiotic resistance are needed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.509-516
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• 2019

In this study, the general components, particle size, starch content, hydrolysis index (HI), and estimated glycemic index (eGI) of 'Ilpum', a medium-amylose rice cultivar, were compared with those of 'Dodamssal', a high-amylose rice cultivar containing resistant starch. The volume weighted mean was significantly smaller in 'Dodamssal' than in 'Ilpum'. The resistant starch content of 'Dodamssal' was about 13% and there were no differences in terms of particle size. The HI and eGI were found to be significantly higher in 'Ilpum', and there were no statistical differences in 'Dodamssal' except for samples with an average particle size of less than 50 ㎛. Therefore, 'Dodamssal' was concluded to be valuable as a health-food material since it is easily ground evenly when processed into rice flour, contains resistant starch, and has a low glycemic index. These results could be used as basic data for developing processed 'Dodamssal' rice-based products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.944-951
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• 2017

This study aimed to determine and examine the contents of vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$ using the high-performance liquid chromatography method in traditional holiday foods in Korea. All analyses were under the quality control chart of vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$. The z-scores for vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$ were 1.3, 0.0, and 0.6, respectively, in food analysis performance assessment scheme proficiency tests assuring reliability of analytical performance. Vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$ contents were analyzed in a total of 31 samples. Vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$ contents ranged from 0.000 to 0.973 mg/100 g, from 0.037 to 0.264 mg/100 g, and from 0.000 to 1.223 mg/100 g in Korean traditional holiday foods, respectively. The highest contents of vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, and $B_3$ were 0.973 mg/100 g in Yukwon-jeon, 0.264 mg/100 g in Dongtae-jeon, and 1.223 mg/100 g in Yukwon-jeon sample, respectively. However, compared to vitamins $B_2$ and $B_3$, vitamin $B_1$ was not detected, generally. Therefore, these results can be used as basic data for a food composition table and improvement of national health for Koreans.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.251-256
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine what induced dental hygienists to take up another employment and whether their job satisfaction had anything to do with it in an attempt to help curtail their turnover rate. The subjects in this study were approximately 200 dental hygienists who worked in dental institutions. A survey was conducted from July 24 through September 24, 2006, by using structured, self-administered questionnaires. For data analysis, SPSS 11.5 program was employed to see if their turnover experience was linked to their general characteristics, why they took up another employment, how long they wanted to do that and how their job satisfaction was related to that. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. In regard to turnover experience by age, marital status and career, those who had ever changed their employment accounted for 36.2 percent of the age group from 24 to 26, 83.0 percent of the unmarried ones and 50.0 percent of those whose career was less than one to three years (p < 0.001). By monthly mean income, 50.0 percent of the dental hygienists whose monthly mean income ranged from 1.0 to 1.29 million won had that experience(p < 0.05). The gap between these groups and the others was statistically significant. 2. As for the reason of turnover, working environments were cited most often(28.1%), followed by possibilities(18.0%), relationship with supervisors and colleagues(12.4%), and compensation(4.5%). 3. Concerning a preferred new workplace, 66.2 percent of the dental hygienists who worked in dentist's offices hoped to be newly hired by public dental clinics(p < 0.001). By education, 64.3 percent of the college-educated dental hygienists wanted to work at public dental clinics as well(p < 0.01). 4. The change of employment was under the greatest influence of the possibilities of workplace, followed by workload, pay and relationship with colleagues. All the factors had a negative impact on their turnover. Those who were less satisfied sought new employment more often, and job satisfaction made a statistically significant difference to that. The job satisfaction factors made a prediction of their turnover intention ($R^2=.254$).

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.479-495
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• 2018

This study was carried out to research the multimedia fate modeling, concentration distribution and impact assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from automobiles, which are known as carcinogenic and mutation chemicals. The amount of emissions of PAHs was determined based on the census data of automobiles at a target S-city and emission factors of PAHs, where multimedia fugacity modeling was conducted by the restriction of PAHs transfer between air-soil at the impervious area. PAHs' Concentrations and their distributions at several environmental media were predicted by multimedia fugacity model (level III). The residual amounts and the distributions of PAHs through mass transfer of PAHs between environment media were used to assess the health risk of PAHs at unsteady state (level IV), where the sensitivity analyses of the model parameter of each variable were conducted based on Monte Carlo simulation. The experimental result at S-city showed that Fluoranthene among PAHs substances are the highest residual concentrations (60%, 53%, 32% and 34%) at all mediums (atmospheric, water, soil, sediment), respectively, where most of the PAHs were highly accumulated in the sediment media (more than 80%). A result of PAHs concentration changes in S-city over the past 34 years identified that PAHs emissions from all environmental media increased from 1983 to 2005 and decreased until 2016, where the emission of heavy-duty vehicle including truck revealed the largest contribution to the automotive emissions of PAHs at all environment media. The PAHs concentrations in soil and water for the last 34 years showed the less value than the legal standards of PAHs, but the PAHs in air exceeded the air quality standards from 1996 to 2016. The result of this study is expected to contribute the effective management and monitoring of toxic chemicals of PAHs at various environment media of Metropolitan city.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.486-496
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• 2018

In this study, we have selected Larix kaempferi as a study area in Woraksan National Park for understanding the ion index according to the difference of topography in national parks. We measured the weather and ion at two fixed points, ridge and valley, where the Larix kaempferi dominates in the same ecological structure in Woraksan National Park. The weather measurement results showed the average, maximum, and minimum temperatures of $28.22^{\circ}C$, $29.9^{\circ}C$, and $26.4^{\circ}C$, respectively at the ridge. The average, maximum, and minimum temperatures at the valley were $27.08^{\circ}C$, $27.8^{\circ}C$, and $25.5^{\circ}C$, respectively. The average, maximum, and minimum relatively humidities at the ridge were 67.02%, 75.25%, and 61.95%, respectively. he average, maximum, and minimum relatively humidities at the valley were 69.74%, 76.8%, and 63.75%, respectively. The average, maximum, and minimum amounts of positive ions generated in the ridge was $698.40{\pm}59.80ea/cm^3$, $885.88ea/cm^3$, and $597.88ea/cm^3$, respectively. The average, maximum, and minimum amounts of negative ions generated in the ridge were $736.07{\pm}83.89ea/cm^3$, $934.53ea/cm^3$, and $599.32ea/cm^3$, respectively. The ion index is calculated to be 1.06. The average, maximum, and minimum amounts of positive ions generated in the valley were $1,732.49{\pm}354.08ea/cm^3$, $2,652.10ea/cm^3$, and $1,110.92ea/cm^3$, respectively. The average, maximum, and minimum amounts of negative ions generated in the valley were $1,990.47{\pm}433.57ea/cm^3$, $3,126.75ea/cm^3$, and the minimum value was $1,352.17ea/cm^3$. The ion index is calculated to be 1.16. The difference in the amount of negative ions generated in ridge and valley was $1089.26ea/cm^3$, and the difference of the calculated ion index between the ridge portion and the valley portion was 0.10. The results of this study were provided as the reference weather data of national parks for health management.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.455-464
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the status of dietary behavior and its association with study-related factors in middle school students. Methods: Study-related factors, dietary habit score and dietary behaviors were surveyed by questionnaire and then analyzed. A total of 580 students in some middle schools in Gyeonggi-do participated in this study. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS for windows Ver. 22.0. Results: 71.3% of the subjects slept for 6 ~ 8 hours, and the studying time outside of school was the highest (2 ~ 4 hours). The highest score for stress from studying by private lessons or academies was 'seldom stressed', with higher stress being observed in male students than female students. The average dietary habit score was 3.69 in male students and 3.62 in female students. The highest average time for meal eating was 10 ~ 20 minutes, with shorter times being observed for male students than female students. Eating meals was regular in most students and the highest number of snack eating was 1 ~ 2 times a day. For dietary behaviors by study-related factors, students with more than 2 hours of studying time outside of school showed higher dietary habit scores than those with less than 2 hours, who showed significantly higher rates of eating 2 meals a day. As the sleeping hours and daily average studying hours increased, the rate of regular meal eating increased significantly. Conclusion: The students showed good, above average dietary behaviors, but gender differences in study-related factors and dietary behaviors. Moreover, the sleeping hours and the studying time outside of school were correlated with dietary habit scores and dietary behaviors. Thus, continuous and systematic education for proper dietary behavior is needed along with greater interest in students with problems of study-related factors, particularly those due to study burden.