• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

Most wells developed in Jeju island before the enactment of the Groundwater Management Ordinance in 2002 are vulnerable to aquifer contamination due to inflow of upper groundwater having the high concentration of nitrate nitrogen, likely due to incomplete grouting in upper section of the wells. Although these wells require entire reinstallation, it is often necessary to rehabilitate the existing wells due to various constraints. Therefore, to identified the inflow section of contaminants, the thermal level sensor (TLS) technique was firstly applied for three wells, which enables to monitor temperature variations in every 50 cm depth. Then, the grouting material was injected to the upper section to prevent the inflow of upper contaminated groundwater into the entire aquifer. By applying TLS technique, it was found that the temperature deviations in the upper groundwater inflow section decreased sharply. Moreover, both the change in the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the rainy/dry seasons and the average concentrations were found to decrease rapidly after grouting material injection. Consequently, the application of TLS proposed in the study turned out to be appropriate to prevent aquifer contamination.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1321-1326
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• 2005

As a results of this research, the Nakdong River consisted of 43% of hydrophobic fraction, 39% of hydrophilic fraction, and 18% of transphilic fraction. The hydrophobic fraction in this raw water was mostly fulvic acid. Fulvic acid comprised of 62% and the rest was humic acid(38%). There was more carboxylic acid functional roup(64%) than phenolic group(36%). HPI-N and HPI-C comprised of 17% and 22% in the hydrophilic portion, respectively. The results of the membrane fouling test using UF membrane according to NOM fractions. HPI-N caused more fouling than HPI-C. Humic acid caused more fouling than fulvic acid probably due to higher adsorption capacity. Since humic acid has higher adsorption capacity than fulvic acid, it would be more adsorbed onto the membrane pores. The carboxylic acid functional group caused more fouling than the phenolic group.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2007

We have studied NOM(natural organic matters) adsorption and biodegradation on 3 kinds of activated carbon and a anthracite. Coal based activated carbon showed the highest DOC(dissolved organic carbon) adsorption capability and roconut(samchully), wood (pica) in the order among the 3 kinds of activated carbon(F400). The biomass amount and activity also showed on coal, wood and coconut based activated carbon in the order. Over 15 minutes EBCT(empty bed contact time) needed to achieve 10 to 17% average removal efficiency and $18\sim24%$ maximum removal efficiency of NOM biodegradation in biofilter using anthracite. Hydrophobic and below 10,000 dalton NOM was much easier to adsorb into the activated carbon than hydrophilic NOM, THMFP(trihalomethane formation potential) and BDOC (biodegradable dissolved organic carbon)$_{slow}$ were much easier than HAA5FP(haloacetic acid 5 formation potential) and $BDOC_{rapid}$ to adsorb into the activated carbon. Hydrophilic and below 1,000 dalton NOM was much easily biodegraded and HAA5FP and $BDOC_{rapid}$ was easier than THMFT and $BDOC_{slow}$ to biodegrade in the biofilter.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2008

In this paper, the property of influent water and variations of removal efficiencies in each unit processes were studied based on the experiment data from the advanced water treatment plant in a city of Korea. The microbial species in the biological activated carbon(BAC) after backwashing of activated carbon filtration tank(ACFT) were also identified. The property and the removal efficiencies were evaluated by considering 8-9 items. The variations of 4 items were investigated from the influent and effluent of ACFT. SEM recording were conducted on BAC samples before and after backwashing. And the existence of attached microorganisms were identified through HPC(Heterotrophic Plate Counter) investigation. For the property of influent water, the concentrations of most items were maintained in the constant ranges, some items had seasonal properties. For the removal efficiencies, there were some items showing similar monthly-pattern and increasing with time, other items decreasing at the ozone contactor. Through these investigations, it was possible to distinguish the target items, which were removed by the advanced processes. The existence of microorganisms in ACFT could be predicted based on the variation curve of NH$_3$-N, and this fact were proved by SEM and HPC.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.344-348
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the correlation between shear force determined by tenderness analyzer and grade decision factors consisting of yield grade (carcass weight, ribeye area, backfat thickness) and quality grade (meat color, fat color, marbling, maturity, texture) in a total of 200 Hanwoo cows. Results showed that there was a negative correlation between shear force and yield grade (r=-0.186, p<0.01), i.e., when the grade of carcass yield increased (A score), the shear force value decreased. Shear force scores showed a significant correlation with marbling scores (r=-0.19, p<0.01), but no correlation with scores of meat color, fat color and texture. The maturity of Hanwoo cows is known to be one of the major factors for evaluating the grade, and the maturity showed no significant correlation with shear force value (r=-0.05, p>0.05). It is possible to get useful information for evaluating the grade of Hanwoo cows if further studies addressing the correlation of water holding capacity, juiciness, taste and overall acceptability with maturity are carried out.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.2 no.1_2
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• pp.183-194
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• 1999

This paper examines the relationship between the locational patterns of global and domestic stores. Objective corporation for this research is the Daiei Inc., which is multinational retail corporation of general merchandise store industry. Used data are For the Customers and 1997 Annual Report published by the Daiei Inc. in 1997, and Worldwide Branch Location of Multinational Companies published by the Gale Researchy Inc. As a result it is recognized that the headquarters of supermarket companies are not necessarily established in the largest city of the store networks. In addition, the chani o stores does not always correspond to the economic territory area of a city or a regional urban system. Usually, supermarkets are established first one after another around the headquarter, so that the store network becomes intensive. Moreover, supermarket companies exhibit a tendence of expanding after having increased density of their stores in their indigenous regions. It seems that supermarket companies try to lay the foundation of their operation firmly on their indigenous regions, while they expand the store network into neighboring regions in order to enlarge their profits. This phenomenon appears more and less partly in the location of oversea purchasing offices. First oversea office location appears in neighboring countries whose headquarter is located in Japan. Another oversea office location is established in higher order city of another continent. Usally after the number of oversea offices increases in their headquarter's neighboring region, the oversea office network exhibits a tendency of expanding in another continents. in addition, network of oversea offices does not always correspond with world urban system. The location of oversea offices is formed, after internalization of supermarket stores was established in Japan. And when increasing rates of supermarket stores was low in Japan, number of oversea offices increased.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.91-100
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• 2016

Purpose - Recently actively growing franchise systems distribution channel system in which franchise headquarter compared with franchise occupies an important place in distribution channel. Due to this, franchise and franchise headquarter are interdependent on task and in this situation the goal they go after, motivation and objective are probably inconsistent. If so, possibility to participate goal setting process or operating activity of opposite side is becoming bigger and in the end conflict may generate. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of the supervisor's attitude and expertise as moderating factors in the relationship between goal-incongruity/coercive power/role-incongruity and the conflict perceived by franchisee. Research design, data and methodology - This study was intended to verify how the supervisor's attitude and expertise as moderating factors in the relationship between goal-incongruity/coercive power/role-incongruity and the conflict perceived by franchisee. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, some study models and hypotheses have been established through theoretical examinations. Then, using these scales, the researcher completed the questionnaire survey. To test our hypotheses, the survey was conducted from March 9, 2016 for 20 days by random sampling, The study was implemented through a descriptive survey method using a self-administered questionnaire. A survey of 124 restaurant franchisee across Seoul and Gyeonggi Province was performed. A total of 124 completed responses were analyzed. In this study, I used SPSS 22.0 to analyze data and did frequency analysis to see demographic, and general features of the respondents; also did exploratory factor analysis to examine the validity of the items of measurement. Factor analysis was first calculated at a minimum, the number of factors, principal component analysis used when variables are committed to maximising the information with (principle component analysis) and the rotation of factors were angry about the great variable factors than 1.0 by applying Varimax rotation. In addition, I used the value of Cronbach's (Alpha) to examine the reliance of questionnaire items, final analysis the reliability factor can be found both high reliability hayeoteumeuro exceeds over 0.6 and did Multiple regression analysis to test hypothesis and also did hierarchical regression analysis to examine moderating effect. Results - To analyze the proposed model, according to the analysis result, it was found that the influence of goal-incongruity, coercive power, and role-incongruity on the perceived conflict of franchisee is moderated by the supervisor's attitude and expertise. That is, the more the supervisor's attitude and expertise were positive, the more the conflicts of the goal-incongruity, coercive power, and role-incongruity were decreased. It also confirmed previous research's finding that goal-incongruity, coercive power, and role-incongruity positively influence on the conflict. Conclusions - According to the results of this research which reduces the conflict of franchise from the in consistent goal; coercive power, and inconsistent role of superiors, it provides very important implications for franchise headquarter which has franchise system and also give them some suggestion about how to recruit superiors and what kind of training may be fit for the superiors.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.65-76
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• 2015

Purpose - This article aims to present and test a model regarding franchisors' supporting activities that may positively influence franchisees' attitude toward the franchising headquarter and their own business performance. Moreover, the authors examine the moderating effect of competitive intensity between franchisee attitude and business performance. Most previous research focused on behavioral performance measurements such as satisfaction, trust, and commitment. There are few empirical studies that focus on financial performance data because it is difficult to determine a relational mechanism between behavioral and financial performance. Moreover, financial data is confidential and difficult to collect in many cases. However, this study measures financial performance (e.g., sales revenue per square meter) differently than most previous research, which is mostly focused on the behavioral performance measurements. Research design, data, and methodology - To test our hypotheses, we selected 137 franchisee managers who are running chains of one of the foremost bakery franchise brands in South Korea. This study carefully investigated the reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the proposed instrument by analyzing the data obtained from the samples. The data was analyzed using the AMOS structural equation modeling program. Results - The results indicated that: non-financial support activities (e.g., information exchange and communication) had a positive impact on the franchisee attitude toward the franchising headquarter. The franchisee attitude in turn had a positive effect on the headquarters' business performance. Furthermore, competitive intensity could enhance the relationship between franchisee attitude toward franchising headquarter and business performance in a local franchise market. However, financial support activities (e.g., rewards and promotional support) and training had no relationship with either franchisee attitude or business performance. Conclusions - This study provides some practical implications to franchisors in terms of franchise operation and store opening strategies. With respect to the franchise operation strategy, franchisors need to focus on non-financial rather than financial support. Most franchisees consider the necessity of financial support activities and not their sufficiency because these activities are specified in their franchise contract. In addition, it is important for franchisees to maintain a positive attitude for the franchise headquarters. The franchisees with a positive attitude for the franchisor can show a high degree of solidarity for various support activities, and it consequently determines franchisees' sales performance. In terms of franchise store opening strategy, this study suggests an additional criterion that can be considered in determining the location of direct and non-direct management stores (e.g., franchisees' stores). In this research, franchise stores located within high level of competitive intensity are shown to have a high relationship between franchisee attitudes of franchisor support activities and business performance compared to the franchisees located within low competitive intensity level. This result shows that opening non-direct franchise stores is more effective than direct stores in higher competitive market situations. Research contribution, implications, and further research directions are discussed at the end of the paper.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.65-73
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• 2016

Purpose - Recently, the management conditions of small independent retailers are getting worse everyday as large-scale marts and franchised convenience stores are increasing. The objective of this research is to find out the antecedents and consequences of cooperation in voluntary chain in order to enhance small independent retailer's competitiveness. Voluntary chains, also called affiliation or symbol groups, or allied group represent a high market shared in some European countries like Italy, France, and Germany. Nevertheless, there are still limitations in this research from academic fields. Drawing from network theory, the author investigates the relationship between antecedent factors in voluntary chain cooperation, such as participation benefits, justice of compensation, and autonomy in voluntary chain, and relationship specific asset. The author also attempts to examine the relationship between the relationship specific asset and cooperation of voluntary chain member shop and cooperation and consequence factors of voluntary chain cooperation, such as efficiency, group cohesiveness, and long-term relationship. Research design, data, and methodology - The author presented conceptual framework integrating the major antecedents and consequences of voluntary chain cooperation. The data were collected from 174 independent small retailers who joined K-voluntary chain. K-voluntary chain consists of small independent retailers. In accordance with their status, each entrepreneur associated with the voluntary group can own one or more outlets and can be a part of the life and the decision-making process of the group. This participation is not based on company turnover or on the number of outlets, but based on a one member, one vote system. To verify the research model and test hypotheses, the author carefully investigated the reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the proposed model. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS structural equation modeling program. Results - The results of this study are as follows. First, as antecedent variables, participation benefits and justice of compensation have positive effect on the relationship specific assets of voluntary chain members. Second, voluntary chain members' relationship specific asset also directly related to the level of its cooperation to chain headquarter. Third, cooperation of voluntary chain member shop facilitates efficiency, group cohesiveness, and long-term relationship. Unexpectedly, there are no effect autonomy in voluntary chain to relationship specific asset. Conclusions - This research shows several theoretical and practical implications to both marketing scholars and marketers. In terms of theoretical implications, this study applies to network theory and network theory variables to explain the antecedent and consequence factors of cooperation in voluntary chain. From the point of view from business management, most of all, this study shows the way how to reinforce competitiveness of voluntary chain. Specifically, it is necessary for voluntary chain headquarter to give higher level of participation benefit and justice of compensation to its members. Second, the results also indicate what the consequence factors of cooperation in voluntary chain. In other words, to increase the level of marketing efficiency, group cohesiveness, long-term orientation in retail voluntary chain, and chain headquarter need to facilitate participants' cooperation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.753-761
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• 2005

In this study, pretreatment of organic matters with $MIEX^{(R)}$ was evaluated using bench-scale experimental procedures on four organic matters to determine its effect on subsequent UF membrane filtration. For comparison, coagulation process was also used as a pretreatment of UF membrane filtration. Moreover, the membrane fouling potential was identified using different fractions and molecular weights of organic matters. From the removal property of MW organic matters by coagulation process for the sample water NOM and AOM, the removal efficiency of high MW organic matters were much higher than those of low MW organic matters. It was shown that the removal efficiency of high MW organic matter more than 10 kDa was lower than that of low MW organic matter for $MIEX^{(R)}$ process. For the change of permeate flux by the pretreatment process, $MIEX^{(R)}$+UF process showed high removal efficiency of organic matter as compared with coagulation-UF processes, but high reduction rate of permeate flux was presented through the reduction of removal efficiency of high MW organic matter. From sequential filtration test results in order to examine the effect of MW of organic matter on membrane fouling, it was found that the membrane foulant was occurred by high MW organic matter, and the DOC of organic matter less than 0.5 mg/L was working as the membrane foulant. In the case of sample water composed of low MW organic matter less than 10 kDa, since the low MW organic matter less than 10 kDa has high removal efficiency by $MIEX^{(R)}$, low reduction rate of permeate flux is obtained as compared with coagulation-UF processes. In summary, it is required to conduct the research on physical/chemical characteristic of original water before pretreatment process of membrane process is selected, and a pertinent pre-treatment process should be employed based on the physical/chemical characteristic of original water.