• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.61-69
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• 2015

This study was performed to provide fundamental data to establish the new soil pollution standards and the soil contamination management plans in a rational manner. The distribution characteristics of new soil contaminants such as barium (Ba) and chromium (Cr) in soils (n=140) were investigated in relation to land-use classification and geological features. Also, the sequential extraction test was conducted to evaluate fate and mobility of new soil contaminants. The soil samples taken from 140 sites were analyzed to survey distribution levels of selected new soil contaminants. The average concentration and range for hazardous metals (Ba, Cr) were Ba 128.946 (26.757~489.587) mg/kg, Cr 30.121 (2.579~132.783) mg/kg. Based on land use classification, the highest Ba concentration was found in factory soils, followed by dry field and park soils, while Cr concentration was highest in rice paddy soils, followed by dry field and factory soils. Within 10 geological units investigated the highest Ba and Cr concentrations were observed in the soils from Okcheon group and metamorphic rocks, respectively. The BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction was conducted to identify chemical distributional existence of 2 elements of soils from each geological unit. Ba in soils is mainly assumed to exists as reducible form (such as BaSO₄, BaCO₃) and Cr in soils mainly is assumed to exist as residual form (such as Cr₂O₃, Cr_xFe_1-x(OH)₃(x < 1)).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.853-859
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• 2009

Endometriosis becomes the most common cause of pelvic pain and infertility women. The cause of endometriosis has ever been entirely proven. However, an increased use of commercial feminine hygiene products such as tampons and sanitary napkins was considered one of the major affect. Harmful substances in feminine hygiene products was analyzed and evaluated. Samples of commercial products obtained from Korea, Japan, America, Germany, and China were analyzed for six hazardous inorganic elements (chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, cadmium and lead). In the extractable heavy metals of napkins, Cr, Ni and Cu were found in all of the samples, while Cd was detected only in two samples. In the tampons, Cr, Ni and Cu were found in all of the samples. The presence of Co and Cd was not detected in all samples The concentrations of extractable heavy metals in the tampons were lower than those in the sanitary napkins. The content of extractable heavy metals in the sanitary products was compared with the criteria of the 100 $\ddot{O}KO$ TEX Standard. It was confirmed that the level of heavy metals in the sanitary products posed no serious risk to health, based on the human-ecological criteria defined by the 100 $\ddot{O}KO$ TEX Standard.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.195-206
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• 2009

We investigated natural background and enrichment characteristics and predicted geochemical disaster for stream sediments in the Hamyang-Sancheong area. Stream sediments samples were collected 95 ea in study area. The stream sediments were well known that had not possibility of contamination effect and represented drainage basins. We got the major and hazardous elements concentrations by XRF, ICP-AES and NAA analysis methods. Acid decomposition for the ICP-AES has been used $HClO_4$ and HF with $200^{\circ}C$ heating at 1st and after that $HClO_4$ HF and HCl with $200^{\circ}C$ heating at 2nd stage. We could know the characteristics that concentration of Cu and Co decreased when concentration of $SiO_2$ increased in correlation analysis. The enrichment factor of the stream sediments was below 2 in study area. This result indicated that study area belonged to moderate enrichment. The stream sediments of Hamyang area were enriched in order of Pb>Th>Cr>V>Co>Cu and those of Sancheong area were enriched in order of Pb>Th>Cr>Co>V>Cu. The enrichment factor(E.F.) of the Pb, Cr, Co and V was similar between Hamyang and Sancheong area. The enrichment factor of the Th was higher in Hamyang area and that of the Cu was higher in Sancheong area. The enrichment factor of the Pb was highly enriched in all study area than earth crust mean. But we could know that study area was not exposed to the pollution of the Pb through the tolerable level.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.347-353
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• 2005

The risk assessment is the qualitative or quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to human health and the environment by the actual or potential presence or release of hazardous substances, pollutants or contaminants. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is assessed by the environmental criteria, and risk assessment is assessed by the risk rate. Risk rate based on dose-response values may not be easy to apply on regulatory basis like EIA for uncertainty. Internationally there is an example of OECD program. Risk assessment of High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals has started since the OECD Program with the 1990 Council Act on the Co-operative Investigation and Risk Reduction of Existing Chemicals. These HPV chemicals include all chemicals produced or imported at levels greater than 1,000 tonnes per year in at least one Member country or in the European Union region. The SIDS called the Screening Information Data Set is regarded as the minimum information needed to assess an HPV chemical to determine whether any further work should be carried out or not. All the data elements of SIDS including assessment for environment and health are prepared as three formats of the full SIDS Dossier, the SIDS Initial Assessment Report (SIAR), and the SIDS Initial Assessment Profile (SIAP) of an HPV chemical. In 1998 the global chemical industry through the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) has joined to work with OECD. The OECD has assessed approximately 1,000 chemicals from 1991 through 2004 with ICCA. Till the February of 2005, 592 chemicals of those chemicals completed SIDS reports. Member countries have been targeted the goal of 1,000 new chemicals from 2005 to 2010 and Korea shared 36 chemicals from the 1,000 new chemicals. Currently Korea has completed SIDS reports of 7 chemicals among sponsored 24 chemicals. In conclusion SIDS project will be linked to national program for outputs application with more reliable production. Both the OECD and industry will carry out their commitment to complete assessments for more and the remaining chemicals assessment. The major outputs will contribute to cope with international chemical management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2017

Among the forest road pavement methods, the majority of current constructions utilize concrete pavements but it has disadvantages as follows: many cracked concrete pavements generated by the erosion of underlying soil layers, could not be used as forest roads in steep slope during winter, and cement contains hazardous chemicals (hexavalent chromium, etc.). In order to supplement the limitations of the use of concrete pavement, this study was conducted to investigate the operation process and cost, the strength and compaction of the experimental forest road pavement(85 m) utilizing eco-friendly solidification material at Goryeong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The work elements of experimental forest road paving were classified into: preparation, Roadbed excavation, Roadbed grading, subgrade compaction, form work, collection and selection of site soil, mixing site soil and eco-friendly solidification material, paving by eco-friendly solidification material, compaction by vibrating roller and curing. The result of economic analysis using construction cost shows that for concrete costs total to $38,681won/m^3$ while for the eco-friendly paving material it is $38,245won/m^3$. Thus the construction costs for concrete and the eco-friendly paving material are similar. And the results of the Schmidt Hammer test for strength analysis by curing period are 10.5-13.5 MPa for 7 days, 18.1-22.7 MPa for 14 days, and 20.8-23.0 MPa for 28 days.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.83-94
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• 2024

The proportion of plant-based meat alternative (PBMA) consumers has recently increased in Korea. This is due to several reasons including protecting the environment, satisfying preferences, maintaining health, and improving eating habits. Accordingly, many companies produce and sell alternative meat using various materials. Alternative meats are classified into plant (such as soybeans and wheat), seaweed, insect, and cultured meats, depending on the raw materials used in manufacturing. PBMA is sold after undergoing processes such as grinding, seasoning, and molding. Therefore, monitoring the presence of any hazardous elements during this process is essential. Accordingly, in this study, we analyzed the harmful components of nine domestically distributed PBMA that are most easily accessible to consumers. After extracting fat from the samples and analyzing the rancidity level, samples F, G, and I were highly rancid. Trace amounts of aflatoxin were detected in samples A and B, but confirmed to be within the range. Cd and Pb were not detected in any sample. We hope that this study will help establish methods to ensure the safety of domestically sold PBMA.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2022

Despite the recent increase in the consumption level of the processed meat-byproducts, the health and safety issue has consistently been raised in the processes of production, distribution and consumption. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the microbiological hazard elements in the Korean sausage, "Sundae," to present not only the safety standard of meat by-product vendors based on HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point), but also the quality control criteria and sanitary arrangements of small manufacturers. For the study, the microbiological hazards in 24 raw materials, 7 manufacturing processes, 40 facilities and tools, 17 workplace environment, and 12 workers were analyzed. The analysis revealed the hazardous elements in the initial stages with 6.28 and 4.07 log CFU/g of total aerobic count and coliforms, respectively, detected from the porcine blood and 3.23 log CFU/g of coliforms from the porcine small intestines. The result also showed that the total aerobic counts and coliforms in the process of mixing and filling process exceeds the standards in the hygiene guidelines by Natick with the total aerobic counts of 5.23, 5.45 log CFU/g, and the coliforms of 3.25, and 3.31 log CFU/g, respectively. Although the detected total aerobic count and the coliforms in the filling and washing rooms exceeded the standards, it was found that the total aerobic count was significantly reduced by 98% after cleaning and disinfecting and no coliforms was detected in any process thereafter. In order to achieve high level of safety in the manufacturing processes of Sundae, the separation of washing and disinfection room from the other sections and the sanitation control of the workers must be preceded, along with strict monitoring in the storage and distribution processes. The study raises necessity for additional studies for the safety evaluation of the processed meat-byproducts and further researches on the validity of the critical limits.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

The government has been constructing and supplying public rental housing to ordinary people in order to stabilize housing since 1989. However, the public rental houses initially supplied to ordinary people are at high risk for safety accidents due to the deterioration of the facilities. Therefore, this study is aimed to propose a solution to solve the life safety hazards of the old rental housing complex as a follow-up study of Analysis of Accident Patterns and Hazard Factor for Life Safety in Rental Housing Complex. Types of life safety accidents that occur in public rental housing complexes are sliding, falling, crash, falling objects, breakage, fire accidents, traffic accidents and criminal accidents. The types of safety accidents that occur in rental housing complexes analyzed in this study are sliding, crashes, falling objects, and fire accidents. Although the incidence of safety accidents such as falling, breakage, traffic accidents and crime accidents in public rental housing complexes is low, these types are likely to cause safety accidents. The method of this study utilized interviews and seminar results, and it suggested ways to solve the life safety hazards in rental housing complexes. Interviews were conducted with residents and managers of rental housing complexes. Seminars were conducted twice with experts in construction, maintenance, asset management, housing welfare and safety. Through interviews and seminars, this study categorizes the life safety hazards that occur in rental housing complexes by types of accidents and suggests ways to resolve them as follows. (1) sliding ; use of flooring materials with high friction coefficient, installation of safety devices such as safety handles, implementation of maintenance, safety inspections and safety education, etc. (2) falling ; supplementation of safety facilities, Improvement of the design method of the falling parts, Safety education, etc. (3) crash ; increase the effective width of the elevator door, increase the effective width of the lamp, improve the lamp type (U type ${\rightarrow}$ I type), etc. (4) falling objects and breakage ; design of furniture considering the usability of residents, replacement of old facilities, enhancement of safety consciousness of residents, safety education, etc. (5) fire accidents ; installation of fire safety equipment, improvement by emergency evacuation, safety inspection and safety education, etc. (6) traffic accidents ; securing parking spaces, installing safety facilities, conducting safety education, etc. (7) criminal accidents; improvement of CCTV pixels, installation of street lights, removal of blind spots in the complex, securing of security, etc. The roles of suppliers, administrators and users of public rental housing proposed in this study are summarized as follows. Suppliers of rental housing should take into consideration the risk factors that may arise not only in the design and construction but also in the maintenance phase and should consider the possibility of easily repairing old facilities considering the life cycle of rental housing. Next, Administrators of rental housing should consider the safety of the users of the rental housing, conduct safety checks from time to time, and immediately remove any hazardous elements within the apartment complex. Finally, the users of the rental housing needs to form a sense of ownership of all the facilities in the rental housing complex, and efforts should be made not to cause safety accidents caused by the user's carelessness. The results of this study can provide the necessary information to enable residents of rental housing complexes to live a safe and comfortable residential life. It is also expected that this information will be used to reduce the incidence of safety accidents in rental housing complexes.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.122-126
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• 2007

Expenditure on meat and meat products has been increased in Korea due to the increase of income and the change of diet. From raising farm animals to eating the meat, various hazardous elements can make their ways into the meat and meat products. Recently the issues on food safety and hygiene are drawing a lot of attention, and the current system for managing the safety of foods is still needed to be improved. This survey was aimed to monitor the current situation of country-of-origin labels and hygiene for the meat markets at 4 regions Korea. The survey was performed by collecting samples from whole- sale and retail stores in the nation, which were selling beef. The markets were divided into groups as to territory and the size of the market (Large size, Medium size, and Small size). In terms of size distribution, small butcher shops occupied the highest percentage. On the itemized suitability test of unpacked and packed beef, all the market of 4 regions showed good agreements. However, such labels indicating the methods of cooking and storage were not properly posted on the products. Especially for Ho-nam region, corrections are needed. The results of monitoring sanitation conditions for the butcher shops at 4 regions in Korea showed relatively low suitability. Especially, there were serious lack of knowledge about wearing the sanitation clothing, caps, and shoes. The problem with food safety is so complicated that producer, consumer, food manufacturer, the press, the government, and scholar should solve altogether. It is necessary to educate farmers, food handlers, consumers, etc. and provide them with an accurate information and knowledge.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.95-106
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• 1984

To acquire the essential basic data to the establishment of control measure for the hazardous health effect that could be caused by harmful metals, the author measured the concentrations of trace metals in whole blood of women of $20{\sim}39$ years old living in urban and rural area using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The summarized results were as follows; 1. The mean concentration of zinc in whole blood was $10.69{\pm}8.07{\mu}g/ml$ in rural area. The frequency distribution by zinc concentration level was nearly L-type and the cumulative frequency distribution was showed bimodal type in both area. 2. The mean iron concentration in whole blood was $323.09{\pm}87.15{\mu}g/ml$ and $322.07{\pm}104.74{\mu}g/ml$ in urban and rural area, respectively. The frequency distribution was similar to normal distribution type in both area, but the cumulative distribution was unimodal type in urban area and bimodal type in rural area. 3. The mean magnesium concentration was $41.08{\pm}19.58{\mu}g/ml$ and $40.28{\pm}16.82{\mu}g/ml$ in the area, respectively. The frequency distribution type had skewness to the right and the cumulative frequency distribution was unimodal type in both area. 4. The mean copper concentration was $1.417{\pm}0.761{\mu}g/ml$ and $1.375{\pm}0.743{\mu}g/ml$ in the area, respectively. The frequency distribution type had skewness to the right and the cumulative frequency distribution was bimodal type in both area. 5. The mean manganese concentration was $0.079{\pm}0.039{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.07{\pm}0.058{\mu}g/ml$ in the area, respectively. The frequency distribution type had skewness to the right in both area but slight irregular in rural area and the cumulative distribution was unimodal and bimodal type in urban and rural area, respectively. 6. The mean cadmium concentration in whole blood was $0.031{\pm}0.026{\mu}g/ml$ in urban and $0.028{\pm}0.023{\mu}g/ml$ in rural area. The frequency distribution type had skewness to the right and cumulative frequency distribution was bimodal type in both area.