• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2004

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of half-interior, half-closure, half-gp-maps and half-gp-open maps defined by intuitionistic gradations of openness.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.85-94
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• 2012

The concept of makwon(膜原) holds great importance in the texts of Seup-yeoljobyeon(濕熱條辨). Research on the concept was based on Seolsaengbaek(薛生白)'s medical theories organized by Wang Maengyeong(王孟英). The results are as follows. Seolsaengbaek describes makwon as half-exterior half-interior(半表半裏) of yang-myeong(陽明) and half-exterior half-interior of the body. The half-exterior half-interior in these definitions each hold a different meaning. In half-exterior half-interior of yang-myeong, it refers to its mediating function, focusing on the location of makwon as yang-myeong. In half-exterior half-interior of the body, it refers to an intersection where the pathological mechanism of damp-heat disease(seup-yeoljeung 濕熱證) begins, and also where the course of the disease changes. This is why treatment of the makwon is included in treating many damp-heat disease symptoms. The conditions derived from the original damp-heat disease can follow the designated prognosis, or follow a reversed course. Because of its intersecting role, treating the makwon can help prevent aggravation. In treatment, consideration of the healthygi(jeonggi 正氣), the bodily fluids(jinaek 津液) with an understanding of the various prognosis is crucial.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.181-195
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• 2017

Objectives : This paper contemplates how the special features found in Moyuan as revealed in Wenyilun has continued from the Moyuan concepts of past includig Huangdineinjing. The author of this paper attempted to distinguish common and different points between the two, and how these features changed in the following generations. Methods : The concept of Moyuan as revealed in Huangdineinjing is first reviewed before laying out the concepts of Moyuan in Wenyilun by different categories. These two concepts are then compared. A Chinese medicine literature database is used in continuing this study, and materials are selected with relation to the special features of Moyuan. Results : The special feature of half-exterior half-interior found in the Moyuan in Wenyilun is similar with that in Neijing in that they both thought Moyuan existed between the stomach, the lungs, and the five organs. The concealability of Moyuan is similar with the explanation of Moyuan in Suwen nuelun, and it is related with the story of Gaohuang in Chunqiu Zuozhuan. Compared to the fact that the concept of Moyuan in Neijing is explained as that pathogenic factor enters the surface of the body in sequence, the concept of Moyuan in Wenyilun is conveyed in that the pathogenic factor conceals itself first before being divided into exterior and interior. Moyuan is also related to upright qi, and Gaohuang-yuan: origin of Gaohuang, too, is connected Shenjiandongqi: the energy that moves between the two kidnets, and also the triple burner. Conclusions : The concepts of "Half-exterior Half-interior", concealability, and "divide it into several places in half-exterior", and upright qi contained within the Moyuan in Wenyilun are studied for their origins, and this effort is anticipated to be greatly helpful in both understanding the historical contexts of Wuyouke Wenyilun and conducting studies on clinical application of Moyuan theory.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 2005

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of intuitionistic fuzzy half-compactness, nearly intuitionistic fuzzy half-compactness and almost intuitionistic fuzzy half-compactness defined by intuitionistic gradations of openness, and obtain some characterizations.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.137-152
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• 2014

Objectives : Through the study on the complex efficacy of Sosihotang(小柴胡湯), it would be expected to comprehend the concept of diseases and syndromes that will be treated and principle of composing formula. Methods : It has been done to compare and analyse provisions of Shanghanlun related with Sosihotang(小柴胡湯). Results : Sosihotang(小柴胡湯) is fit to treat symptoms based on diseases having half exterior and half interior, deficiency and excess syndromes, because it is well-composed to focus on Soyangbyeong(少陽病) and Sosihotang(小柴胡湯) syndrome caused from lose of homeostasis in human body. Conclusions : Sosihotang(小柴胡湯) is one of the multipurpose formula that can be used to treat the syndromes and diseases of exterior and interionr(表裏), cold and heat(寒熱), deficiency and excess(虛實). Therefore it is necessary to research and develop the formula with the type.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.147-154
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• 2022

In order to secure practising rapid pattern(證, zheng) differentiation against acute infectious diseases like corona virus disease-19(COVID-19) showing rapid variation and contagion, a simplified classification of stages centering on the exterior-interior pattern identification with 2 step-subdivision by cold, heat, deficiency, excess pattern and pathogens is proposed. Pattern differentiation by compound patterns of 8 principles is made for the non-severe stage of general cold and the early mild stage of epidemic disease. Compound pattern's names of 8 principles about external infectious diseases are composed of three stages, that is disease site-characters-etiology. Based on early stage symptoms of fever or chilling etc., exterior, interior and half exterior and half interior patterns are determined first, and then cold, heat, deficiency, excess patterns of exterior and interior pattern respectively are determined, and then more concrete differentiation on pathogens of wind, dryness, dampness and dearth of qi, blood, yin, yang accompanied with constitutional and personal illness factors. Summarizing above descriptions, 4 patterns of exterior cold, exterior heat, exterior deficiency, exterior excess and their secondary compound patterns of exterior cold deficiency and exterior cold excess and so on are classified together with treatment method and available decoction for a standard measure of eight principle pattern differentiation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.370-378
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• 2007

${\ulcorner}$Zhujieshanghanlun(註解傷寒論)${\lrcorner}$ are som particular points as below ; first, set up the concepts of chuanjing(傅經), zaichuanjing(再傅經), and guojing(過經). Second, suggested the half exterior and half interior syndrome(半表半裏證) firstly. The third, understood origin literature by the distinguished way for syndrome in accordance with the Yin and Yang(陰陽). Forth, wangyang(亡陽) is described by two different syndromes. One is with perspiration. The other is yangxuzheng(양허증(陽虛證)) from injured yangqi(陽氣). Fifth, xialibiannongxue(下利便膿血) was distinguished by the generic characters of The Cold and Hot(熱${\cdot}$寒). The last, ${\ulcorner}$Shanghanlun${\lrcorner}$ (傷寒論) was described at the view of viscera & bowels's physiology and their pathology. And shaoyin(少陰) disease was aware of kidney case and Taiyin(太陰) disease was aware of spleen case. There are two different cases of bowel diseases. One is that xieqi(邪氣) goes in stomach of Yangming(陽明). The other is that xieqi(邪氣) follows channel and goes into bowel.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.116-125
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• 2018

With rapid economic development in Korea, interests in interior design have increased gradually. However, interior design markets were poorly evaluated from 2015 Korean Consumer Evaluation. It is necessary to identify what kinds of problems, defects, and consumer claims have arisen during interior design planning and construction procedures. Therefore the purpose of this study is to investigate claims and disputes in interior design project procedures and to find out when defects or claims take place in those procedures in order to reduce claims or defects. Email questionnaires were distributed to KOSID members (professional interior designers) using Google Survey. In addition, a focus group interview was conducted. A total of 54 responses were collected and analyzed using SPSS 19. As a result, in an agreement stage, alteration in materials is the major source of claim. More than a half of respondents addressed time shortage for programming and planning. During the construction stage, approximately 31% respondents experienced client dissatisfaction with materials and finishes. The reason for project completion delay was due to claims during construction. The claims most frequently appealed by clients were related to painting. The satisfaction with project quality is positively related to the quality and contents of design documents including design drawings and specifications. Regulations and communication with clients are important issues to reduce the gaps between interior designers and clients/ consumers.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.329-334
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• 2013

Order spectrum analysis is widely used to grasp the features of noises due to powertrain system including engine and intake/exhaust system. It is known from many previous researches that order components related to the first and second firing frequencies of engine considerably affect the noise of car interior. The purpose of this paper is to find out the difference in sound quality: Pleasantness of car interior noise according to the change of its order spectrum. For this, car interior noises of 6-cylinder and 4-cylinder engines are recorded and their order spectrum levels are modified by applying adaptive digital filters. After subjective listening test employing paired comparison method is conducted, it is investigated that the level change of half-order components is a noticeable factor to improve Pleasantness of the car interior noises whereas level decrease of firing order does not always give the positive effect on its sound quality.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.29
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• pp.137-144
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to suggest the design guidelines for healthcare facilities for the elderly. D healthcare facility for the elderly in Busan was case studied. Subjects were 34 elderly patients, 35 families, and 36 nurses who were in this facility. The elderly Patients and their families were interviewed and the nurses were answered through self-administered questionnaires. Generally, the users of this facility were positively responded to the building and interior design of this facility. Also, the elderly patients and the families were mere satisfied with the design of this healthcare facility than the nurses. All users responded the functional aspects and the whole interior design of this healthcare facility positively and the environmental psychological aspects negatively Also, the nurses responded this facility's ambient environments negatively and the patients and the families positively. The elderly patients and their families wanted to share the inpatient room with 3-6 persons because of their economical conditions and social contacts. Almost half of them preferred to sit down on the floor Also, they tended to prefer to light interior color, wall papers, and the familiar and home-like environments.