• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2001

A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate associations between lead biomarkers, lead-related symptoms, and ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) genotype among 598 lead workers and 144 control office workers in storage battery industries, secondary smelting and litharge making industries. Lead inhibits the second enzymes, ALAD, in the heme synthesis pathway. ALAD gene, which codes for one of three isozymic proteins (termed ALAD1-1, ALAD1-2, and ALAD2-2), seems to modify the toxicokinetics of lead. The result as follows; The percents of total workers whose genotype of ALAD1-1 and ALAD1-2 were 88.4% and 11.6%, respectively. The zinc protoporphyrin in blood (ZPP) and ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid in urine (ALAU) of lead workers with ALAD1-2 were significantly lower than those of lead workers with ALAD1-1, but there were no significant difference between two genotype for blood lead, age, and work duration. The proportion of ALAD1-2 genotype in control office workers was 13.2%. The proportions of ALAD1-2 genotype of lead workers were 14.0%(their mean air lead level below $0.024mg/m^3$), 10.4%($0.025-0.049mg/m^3$), 11.8%($0.050-0.099mg/m^3$), and 9.4%(above $0.100mg/m^3$), respectively. In the logistic analysis of 15 lead related symptoms, 'arthralgia'(S7) symptom of ALAD1-2 was significantly lower (OR=0.481; 95% CI=0.248-0.932) than that of ALAD1-1, but 'feeling of irritation'(S11) of ALAD1-2 was significantly higher(OR=1.636; 95% CI=1.035-2.586) than that of ALAD1-1 after controlling possible confounder (blood lead, work duration, smoking and drinking habit).

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.595-607
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• 2002

The objectives of this study were to identify the phenomena of school health nursing at schools in Korea and to contribute to building a school health domain of International Classification for Nursing Practice. A retrospective method was used in this study to develop ICNP during the period from July to October 200l. The procedure of the study involved choosing nursing phenomena using preliminary terms from the reports on the field of school health nursing practice documented by nursing students in 10 different nursing colleges. The detail procedures of the study were as follows. 1) Choosing nursing phenomena by using preliminary terms 2) Choosing the characteristics of school health nursing practice from the selected nursing phenomena 3) In order to make a consensus regarding the appropriate characteristics of phenomena. 15 study group members re-categorized the nursing phenomena through 5 times of cyber meetings and 3 times of formal meetings. 4) To verify each characteristic, 5 community nursing faculties and 25 school health nurses participated in the procedure to give scores on nursing characteristics. 5) Classification of the definite nursing phenomena and characteristics. Following the 5 step procedures, school health nursing phenomena were categorized into human and environmental domains. Human domains were classified into human behavioral and functional domains. Environmental domains were classified into physical and psychosocial domains. The essential characteristics of each phenomena were selected when it obtains the mean score of 3.0 or over at the related characteristics. The human behavioral domain consisted of 7 phenomena including risk for spinal disorder, inadequate dietary habit, inadequate weight control, smoking and substance abuse, inadequate stress management, inadequate sex related coping strategies and inadequate accident management. The human functional domain consisted of 6 phenomena including inadequate eye care and visual management, risk for respiratory disorder, inadequate dental health care, inappropriate infectious disease control, risk for gastrointestinal disorder, and lack of sexual identity. The physical environmental domain consisted of 6 phenomena including risk for incident at inside classroom, risk for incident at outside classroom, risk for incident around school, risk for exposure to hazardous facilities around school. inadequate garbage and disposal management, and inadequate physical environment for learning. The psychosocial domain included impaired social interaction at school. Each phenomenon was composed of 2 to 8 characteristics and all phenomena will include a total number of 85 characteristics. The phenomena of school health nursing in Korea partially confirmed school health architecture of ICNP. Further study on verification of school health nursing phenomena in Korea needs to be done to support the findings of this study through review of literature on nursing classifications or field studies.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.119-142
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• 1998

The purpose of this article is to provide a method of losing weight and early managing risky factors of geriatric diseases by having male and female obese middle school students' participate in behavioral modification and aerobic exercise, foster their own desirable behavioral habit and confidence in solving obesity and continue their living pattern all their life. In order to do this, 64, subjects over 20% obese degree obtained using the standard weight, belonging within 50% range of weight percentage per height(male:32, female:32) were grouped to 4 categories of aerobic exercise therapy, behavioral modification therapy, both therapies combinedly applied and control ones by 8 male and female students allocated to each group respectively, and they were practiced to each program for 12 weeks, and the findings between group were obtained as follows. 1. The male and female middle school students' cholesterol amount of blood fat reduced most in the combinedly performed group of aerobic exercise and behavioral modification therapy. It indicated a statistically significant difference between groups (F(3,56) =9.50, p=.000) and the measurements according to the application period of program as well (F(3,168)=554.94, p=.000). The cholesterol amount per measurement period reduced most between 8 and 12 weeks. 2. The male and female middle school students' high density fat amount increased most in the combinedly performed group of aerobic exercise therapy and behavioral therapy, its descending order of next highest rate was aerobic exercise therapy, behavioral modification therapy and control group. It indicated a statistically significant difference between the distinction of male and female sexes (F(1.56)=13.82. p=.000) and the measurements according to the application period of program (F(3,168) =55.58, p=.000). The high density fatty Quality per measurement period increased most between 8 and 12 weeks. 3. The male and female middle school students' low density fat amount reduced most in the combinedly performed group of aerobic exercise therapy and behavioral modification therapy. It indicated a statistically significant difference between groups (F(3,56)=17.35, p=.000) and the measurements according to the application period of program (F(3,168)=891.14, p=.000. The low density fat amount reduced most between 8 and 12 weeks. 4. The male and female middle school students' neutral fat amount reduced most in the combinedly performed group of aerobic exercise therapy and behavioral modification therapy. It indicated a statistically significant difference between the distinction of sexes (F(1,56)=9.54, p=.003) and groups (F(3,56) =25.57, p=.000) and the measurements according to the application period of program (F(3,168) =566.03, p=.000). The male students indicated the most reduction between 4 and 8 weeks. while the female students between 8 and 12 weeks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.149-160
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects after having the obesity education with obese elementary school children. The subjects were made up of 31 obese children out of U elementary school in B town as experimental group, and also were selected 34 children out of S elementary school under the same circumstance as control group. They ranged from the third to sixth grades with over 30% body fat ratio. The proceeding of obesity education consisted of three stage; stage for preparation, stage for practice, and stage for finish. The stages mentioned above were put into practice in turn for eleven weeks beginning on Oct. 8, 2001 through Dec. 22, 2001, while two stages only, stage for preparation and finish, were put into practice on the control group. The contents of the education for eleven weeks obesity regulation contained counseling and taking regular exercises once a week by professional gym teacher. In order to evaluate the effects of the education, physical characteristics, body composition, physical fitness, knowledge of obesity, dietry habit and attitude were measured. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS program, the effects of pre and post obesity education in experimintal group were measured by paired-t test. The conclusions of this study were as follows : 1. Body fat ratio was significantly reduced after obesity education in experimintal group(p=.003). 2. The height with experimental group got taller remarkably(p=.000), but weight showed no signeficance after obesity education(p=.258). 3. Triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness showed remarkable decrese after obesity education(p=.000), percentage body fat and body fat amount got down remarkably after obesity education(p=.000). Percentage lean body mass and lean body mass amount got down remarkably after obesity education(p=.000). 4. Body flexibility, agility and muscle endurance graded up remarkably after obesity education(p=.009, p=.000, p=.000). 5. The grade in obesity knowledge got up remarkably after obesity education(p.000), but dietry habits and its life showed no significance in figures after obesity education(p=.335, p=.112). Through the results shown above, the obesity education caused body fat ratio, physique, body composition to grade up and physical fitness elevated, while dietry habits and its life showed no significance.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.626-633
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the eating habits of obese elementary school students residing in Iksan city, in June 2006 using 1167 participants(obese: 233, normal weight: 934). The results are summarized as follows. The average age was 12 years-old in both the obese and normal weight groups. The average BMI, ideal body weight and obesity index in the obese and normal weight groups were $24.8kg/m^2$, 39.8 kg, and 32.5% and $18.2kg/m^2$, 37.7 kg and -1.4%, respectively. Regarding the number of subject who acknowledged their physical build, the obese group was highest(88.9%) in stating obese or extremely obese, while the normal group was highest(71.5%) in stating they were normal weight. For the frequency of eating breakfast, the obese group the results were: "eating it everyday"(69.1%) and $"3{\sim}4\;times/week"$ (13.7%), while in the normal weight group, the highest response was "eating it everyday"(75%) and the lowest response was "never eat it"(4.1%). In terms of having breakfast with someone, there were slight differences for eating alone between the obese group(17.4%) and normal group(12.4%) and also between the obese group(19.6%) and normal group (39.6%) for eating with parents. There were considerable gaps in the association of eating habits with weight such as having irregular meals in the obese group(52.4%) and having regular meals in the normal group(61.1%). The frequency of having snacks was different by the rate of obesity, where 65.9% of the obese group, and 57.8% of the normal group had snacks more than once. There were significant differences in the practice of controlling intake with the obese group at 77.3% and the normal group at 36.3%. There were high numbers regarding eating more than average in stressful times for both the obese group(10.3%) and normal group(7.7%). The results of this study show the prevalence of obesity in Iksan, and proper nutrition education is currently needed. Moreover, the greater the level of obesity, the higher the frequency of skipping breakfast, eating alone, and eating irregular meals, and the more experience in attempting to control weight. To resolve the problems triggered by inappropriate food habits, proper food and eating methods to control weight should be included in nutrition education programs for elementary students.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.953-956
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• 2012

Introduction: In order to control the tobacco scourge, an array of measures is required. Among them is focusing on adolescent relationships as it has been shown that being in a close relationship with a smoker or a non smoker will in the long run be a major factor in deciding whether the individual adopts smoking for initial non-smokers or ceases the habit for initial smokers. Objectives: To assess the attitude of youth towards other smokers and towards marrying a smoker. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 415 students from five universities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Self-administered structured questionnaires were used for data collection. The Chi square test was used to detect significant differences between frequencies. Results: Of the 415 participants who provided their gender information, 99 (24%) were males and 314 (76%) were females. Of all the participants, 83.5% were not willing to marry smokers, while 16.5% were willing. Of those whose parents smoked (106) 68% did not like it when their parents smoked, 13.6% had no opinion, 17.5% did not mind, while the other 1% had other thoughts. Of those whose close friends smoked, 43.4% did not like it, 16.2% did not have any opinion, 36.9% did not mind while 3.5% had other thoughts. Conclusion: Most participants, both males and females are not willing to marry smokers and prefer to have non-smokers as spouses. Also, smokers are seen as less attractive by both genders in contrast to what appears as popular beliefs amongst youngsters and what is depicted in tobacco advertisements. Tobacco control activities can be undertaken in the community and colleges by incorporating students as facilitators.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.275-279
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• 2005

The fruiting habit pattern of white-spine cucumber, whose fruits are usually borne on the lateral branches, is different from domestic ones. The cucumber production far export has been focused on how to promote lateral shooting and how to increase the number of lateral branches. As the growing season of the exporting cucumber is confined to winter season, low temperature and weak light are limiting factors to lateral shooting. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of growth regulator for induction of lateral shoot in white-spine cucumber. foliar application of growth regulator were focused on concentration and application time based on number of leaves. The visible damages were observed in applied leaves by $30mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA(benzyladenine) in retarding culture, but no significant by $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA in case of semi-forcing culture. The number of available lateral shoots were greater in applied plant with $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA than that of $30mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA, in applied plants at 10th and 15th loaves than that of applied plants at 5th leaves.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.35-49
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to analyze variables associated with smoking and selected health behaviors. This study targeted adult men and women over 20 of age. The sample population was drawn from the national sample, and the samples were chosen from the telephone book. A total of 1,500 cases were collected through a telephone based interview survey. As a tool for this study, a structured questionnaire was developed. the variables included self-perceived health status, and selected 7 health behaviors; smoking behavior, physical activities, eating habit, weight control, alcohol consumption, stress management, and cancer exam. The healthy life practice actions of Trans-theoretical model have been classified into five stages. Smokers were more likely than non-smokers to positive attitudes toward smoking and the impact of smoking in this study. This means that smokers's awareness toward the impact of smoking is very week. Smoking behavior was significantly related to other health related behaviors based on the correlation analysis. However, gender, engaging in regular physical activities, moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages, and receiving a cancer examination were the variables that can explain and predict a person's stages of adopting a non-smoking behavior. Self perceived health status was closely related to other health behaviors. Gender, age, and monthly household income were important demographic variables that have significant relationship with the self-perceived health status. Among the health behaviors, regular physical activities and weight control were significant predictable variables. Similar results have been found in the National health and Nutrition examination survey in Korea. As a result of this study, it was found that among the selected health behaviors, engaging in physical activity was an important variable to increase positive sense of health and non-smoking behaviors. Educational and policy level input is needed to increase awareness and provide chances to participate in fitness activities. To those who maintain exercise, the environmental support and diffusion of knowledge information and education data should be strengthened. To change attitudes toward smoking, more in-dept awareness campaign and education should be provided according to people's different behavioral status. In addition, not only diffusing health education data and delivering knowledge information through related programs, but also environmental support system that helps an individual maintain his/her action is required. Such a support system means settlement of the health enhancement base of school, workplace and community should be carried out, and the policy level support and regular programs should be provided and spread to the unit of community.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.173-176
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• 2016

This research was performed to breed new columnar-typed apple variety for pollinator in apple orchard. We cross-fertilized 'Hongro' that was an ovary parent and 'Maypole' a pollen parent in 2003. We gathered seeds in 2003 and sowed after breaking of dormancy in 2004. Seedlings was been growth and development till flowering. After fruit setting, We investigated characteristics of growth and fruit including mating compatibility from 2010 to 2012, then finally selected '03-2-95' named 'Tinkerbell' in 2012, registered as new variety on Korea Seed & Variety Service in 2015. The full bloom stage of 'Tinkerbell' was later 2 days then of 'Maypole'. Tree habit of 'Tinkerbell' was alike to of 'Maypole', for example weak tree vigor, columnar type. But there were many different characteristics between 'Tinkerbell' and 'Maypole'. Fruit shape of 'Tinkerbell' was ovoid whereas of 'Maypole' was ellipsoid. Fruit of 'Tinkerbell' was bigger, smoother skin, no waxy bloom than of 'Maypole'. Fruit of 'Tinkerbell' was more delicious than of 'Maypole' because of having higher soluble sugar content and lower titratable acidity. 'Tinkerbell' was excellent pollinator in apple orchard. Because of having high fruit setting rate with major apple varieties and a narrow tree width that was advantageous as pollinator in apple high density system.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.491-496
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• 2009

This research is conducted for 152 implant patients at the H dental clinic during the 2 years(from the January, 2007 to the December, 2008). After adjusting the following oral health care and analyzing the effects of plaque control scores(PCS), following results are obtained. The average PCS is higher at the 4th visit(65.37), which is the termination of education, than the 1st visit(32.89), which is before education(p = .000). Although following PCS decreases after 3 months(56.27) from the termination of education, it increase again after 6 months(60.44), 9 months(64.72) by following oral health care(p = .000). The female got a higher average PCS than the male, and also got a higher following PCS at 3 month(p = .000). According to the average PCS, patients are divided to group A who got lower grade than 69 and B who got higher grade than 70. Comparing with that results and the following PCS, group B get a higher grade than group A in the every period(p = .000). We can observe that the average PCS is improved as doing repeated education and constant management, and we think these results are occurred because people change their minds by following oral health care and obtain proper oral management habit.