• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2009

Objective: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is an uncommon cause of male infertility. We investigated the outcome of gonadotropin therapy for restoring fertility and pregnancy outcomes in patients with HH. Methods: Medical charts of 10 infertile male patients with HH treated with gonadotropin were reviewed. Initial testicular volume were estimated. Semen analysis parameters (semen volume, sperm counts, motility), serum leutenizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone were determined before and after human chorionic gonadotropin/human menopausal gonadotropin (hCG/hMG) treatment. Differences were analyzed statistically. Results: Of 10 patients, 7 (70%) succeed at pregnancy (nature pregnancy in 4). Semen analysis parameters, serum FSH, and testosterone were increased significantly after treatment. The population was stratified according to initial testicular volume into a small testis subset (testicular volume less than 10 cc in 4) and a large testis subset (testicular volume 10 cc or greater in 6). Semen analysis parameters and serum testosterone were increased significantly after treatment in large testis subset. Conclusion: Infertile men with HH initiate and maintain spermatogenesis with gonadotropin (hCG/hMG alone or combined) therapy, thus gonadotropin therapy is good choice in infertile men with HH.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 1994

This experiment was arried out to investigate the development of ea4y rabbit embryos in vivo. Twenty-six New Zealand White does were superovulated by treatment with PMSG(Intervet Co; I. M single injection, 150. U./rabbit) followed 3 day later by simultaneous I.V injection of 100 I.U HCG (Intervet Co, )and natural service with fertile male. All of does was killed at the specific times (24, 27, 30, 36, 42, 50 and 93 h post-hCG) to find out the early embryonic development in vivo respectively. Embryos at the specified stages of development were obtained at the following times after injection of hCG; one-ceH at 24 h, two-cell at 24~27h, four-cell at 27~36 h, morulae at 50 h and early blasto-cyst at 93 h and expanded or hatching blastocyst at 144 h. Number of embryos recovered per rabbit superovulated was 26.1 and average of recovery rate was 83.7%. The results suggest that superovulation was efficient for the increase of embryo number in rabbits, and as shown in results, asynchronous cleavage was prevalent among the recovered embryos.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.618-625
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• 2009

The objective of this work was to study the direct effects of daidzein on steroidogenesis in cultured mouse Leydig cells. Adult mouse Leydig cells were purified by Percoll gradient centrifugation, and the cell purity was determined using a $3{\beta}$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ($3{\beta}$-HSD) staining method. The purified Leydig cells were exposed to different concentrations ($10^{-7}$ M to $10^{-4}$ M) of daidzein for 24 h under basal and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulated conditions. The cell viability and testosterone production were determined, and the related mechanisms of daidzein action were also evaluated using the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 and measuring the mRNA levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), and $3{\beta}$-HSD-1 involved in testosterone biosynthesis. The results revealed that daidzein did not influence cell viability. Daidzein increased both basal and hCG-stimulated testosterone production in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was statistically significant at concentrations of $10^{-5}$ M and $10^{-4}$ M daidzein (p<0.05). ICI 182,780 had no influence on daidzein action. RTPCR results revealed that $10^{-5}$ M and $10^{-4}$ M daidzein did not exert any obvious influence on the mRNA level of P450scc in Leydig cells. However, in the presence of hCG, these concentrations of daidzein significantly increased the StAR and $3{\beta}$-HSD-1 mRNA levels (p<0.05), but in the absence of hCG, only $10^{-5}$ M and $10^{-4}$ M daidzein up-regulated the StAR and $3{\beta}$-HSD-1 mRNA expression (p<0.05), respectively. These results suggest that daidzein has direct effect on Leydig cells. Daidzein-induced increase of testosterone production is probably not mediated by the estrogen receptor but correlates with the increased mRNA levels of StAR and $3{\beta}$-HSD-1.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.49-57
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• 2015

In order to achieve successful in vitro production of embryo, it is necessary to establish intrauterine environment during in vitro culture. Thus, this study was investigated to establish embryo culture system using co-incubated collagen matrix gel (CM) with endometrial epithelial cells (EC). Endometrial epithelial cells were isolated from porcine endometrium at follicular phase, the cells seeded in insert dish for co-incubation with CM-coated culture dish. Then, culture media treated with/without 2.0 IU/ml hCG or 10 ng/ml $IL-1{\beta}$. After incubation for 24 h, the co-incubated insert dishes were removed from CM-coated culture dish before embryo culture. Embryos at 48 h after in vitro fertilization (IVF) were cultured on the dish for 120 h with porcine zygote medium. We determined PTGS-2 expression in the ECs, VEGF protein in co-incubated CM with EC and observed cleavage rate and blastocyst development of embryos at 168 h after IVF. In result, expression of PTGS-2 was higher at co-incubated EC with hCG and $IL-1{\beta}$ groups than EC without hCG and $IL-1{\beta}$. The VEGF protein was detected at co-incubated CM with EC, EC treated with hCG and $IL-1{\beta}$ groups higher than CM group. Also, cleavage rate was no significantly difference among all group, however, blastocyst development was significantly higher in co-incubated CM with EC treated with hCG group than un-treated groups (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that novel embryo culture system using co-incubated collagen matrix gel with endometrial epithelial cells treated with $IL-1{\beta}$ is beneficial and useful for enhancing the production of porcine blastocysts in vitro.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.20 no.6 s.96
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• pp.97-109
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• 2005

컴퓨터를 이용하여 실물이나 가상의 객체를 형상화하고 움직임을 부여하는 컴퓨터 그래픽스(CG)는 현실과 구분할 수 없을 정도의 기술의 발전과 함께 영화, 게임, VR, 산업용 디스플레이, 화상통신 등 디지털 콘텐츠 전분야에서 활용폭이 넓어지고 있다. 렌더링은 CG에서 장면의 추상적인 3차원 description을 2차원 영상으로 생성하는 과정을 말하며, 생성되는 영상의 품질 및 제작시간을 결정하는 중요한 요소로 인식되고 있다. 과거에 비해 전역 조명 및 셰이딩 기술이 발전하면서 극도로 사실적인 영상의 생성이 가능하게 되었으나 이를 렌더링하는 것은 많은 시간을 필요로 하고 있어, 사실적인 영상을 고속으로 렌더링하기 위한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 고에서는 CG 제작 과정에서 널리 사용되고 있는 주요 렌더러들의 기능들과 미래의 기술 발전 방향을 분석한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.561-569
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• 1993

DOT4.2-QAD-CG coupling method was used to analyze the dose rates outside the side and the bottom shield system of CANDU 6 plant. The average dose rates at the main airlock and the new fuel loading area are approximately 6 $\mu$Sv/h as it is required. The calculated dose rates have a good agreement with the measurements at the operating CANDU 6 plant. The method used in this paper can be applied to the radiation shielding analysis of Wolsong 2, 3, and 4 CANDU 6 type plants which will be constructed in the near future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.656-659
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• 2012

In general, images captured by the color filter array are compressed after applying demosaicking process. Since this process introduces data redundancy which can reduce coding efficiency, several methods have been proposed to address this problem. While some conventional approachs convert color format to GBR or YUV 4:2:2 format, we propose to use the YCoCg 4:2:2 format to carry out compression. The proposed method shows an average bits reduction of 3.91% and PSNR increase of 0.04dB compared with H.264 YUV 4:2:0 intra-profile prediction method.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.596-602
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• 2016

Experiments were carried out examine short-term effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and long-term effects of luteinising hormone releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) on milt production of the tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. In the first experiment, each fish was implanted with a blank cholesterol pellet (control), 100 and $200{\mu}g$ LHRHa per kg body weight. In the second experiment, fish were injected with either 100, 200, 400 and 800 IU hCG per kg body weight or same volume of marine fish Ringer's solution. In the first experiment, milt volume was increased in male implanted with $200{\mu}g$ LHRHa pellet compared with other groups at day 10. Injection of 400 and 800 IU hCG resulted in an increase in the milt volume at hour 96 after the treatment. Although statistical difference is unable to confirm because of small milt volume, compared with the control group, hormone pellet-treated groups had a reduction in the mean spermatocrit (Sct) and sperm concentration (Sc). The results suggest that the increase in milt volume is at least partially gonadotropin (GtH)-dependent and increased milt volume has a relationship with milt hydration.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.135-147
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• 1988

To compare the stimulation effect of the ratio in follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in induction of multiple follicular growth, the serum $E_2$ level, the diameter of follicle, number of aspirated follicles and cleavage rate of in vitro fertilized preovulatory oocytes as well as the pregnancy rate were evaluated. Forty one patients with irreparable tubal disease were stimulated by hMG(n=24) or FSH/hMG(n=17) for the purpose of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. The following results were obtained. 1. Serum estradiol($E_2$) levels on the day of hCG administration were $921.0{\pm}353.3\;pg/ml$ in hMG group and $1272.9{\pm}1060.6\;pg/ml$ in FSH/hMG group. The serum $E_2$ value of hMG group was significantly lower than that of FSH/hMG group. 2. The diameter of leading follicle by ultrasonogram on the day of hCG administration were $16.2{\pm}2.0\;mm$ in hMG group and $16.2{\pm}2.6\;mm$ in FSH/hMG group. No significant difference of follicle diameter between two groups was demonstrated. 3. The number of follicles with diameter above 10 mm by sonogram on the day of hCG injection were $3.91{\pm}2.32$ in hMG group and $6.52{\pm}3.86$ in FSH/hMG group. There was significant difference of number of follicles between two groups, (p< 0.01). 4. The number of oocytes found per patient at aspiration were $2.59{\pm}1.00$ in hMG group and 3. $76{\pm}2.31$ in FSH/hMG group. There was significant difference of number of aspirated oocytes between two groups. (p< 0.05). 5. The detection rate of preovulatory oocyte at aspiration were 68.4%(39/57) in hMG group (n=22) and 77.6%(38/49) in FSH/hMG group (n=13). 6. The cleavage rate of preovulatory oocyte at 44 hours after insemination were 74.4%(29/39) in hMG group(n=22) and 81.6%(31/38) in FSH/hMG group (n=13). When only hMG was used, one pregnancy was established in 15 patients to whom 29 zygotes were transferred. And a full term normal female baby was delivered by elective cesarean section. In the FSH/hMG group, five pregnancies out of 9 transferred patients were confirmed by serum ${\beta}-hCG$. Two pregnancies were spontaneously aborted before the 6th week of pregnancy. One patient aborted her baby at the 18th week of pregnancy because of incompetent internal os of the cervix. Two patients delivered two full term babies by elective cesarean section. From the above findings, paralell with the increase in the ratio of exogenous follicle stimulating hormone to luteinizing hormone, an increase in oocyte recovery was observed as well as an improvements in pregnancy rate. It was concluded that FSH enrichment early in the follicular phase had a beneficial effect in the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.649-654
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• 2005

Purpose : The present study examined how changes in cerebral hemodynamics in newborn piglets with bilirubin infusion can be evaluated by near infrared sepctroscopy(NIRS). Methods : Seventeen newborn piglets were randomly divided into the following three experimental groups : six in the control group(CG); seven in the bilirubin infusion group(BG), and four in the bilirubin infusion with 7-nitroindazole group(NG). To achieve the concentration of bilirubin above 20 mg/dL, we injected a bolus of 40 mg/kg of bilirubin intravenously, followed by 30 mg/kg/hr of bilirubin continuous intravenous infusion. All groups were monitored with cerebral hemodynamics using near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS) and their brain cortexes were harvested and the activities of $Na^+$, $K^+$-ATPase, level of conjugated dienes, ATP and phosphocreatine(PCr) were determined biochemically. Results : No changes took place in CG. In BG and NG, base excess, pH, and MABP decreased, and lactate level in blood increased. Cerebral $Na^+$, $K^+$-ATPase activity and ATP, PCr level in BG significantly decreased and conjugated dienes increased compared to CG. These abnormalities observed in the BG were significantly improved in the NG. In continuous NIRS monitoring, [$HbO_2$], [HbT], and [HbD] in BG were significantlly decreased compared to CG. However these abnormalities between NG and CG were not significantly different. There were no significant differences in $ScO_2$ between the study groups. Conclusion : Our study suggests cerebral hemodynamic changes could be monitored by non-invasive NIRS in newborn piglets with bilirubin infusion.