• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.677-686
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• 2018

This study was carried out to determine the effect of Kluyvera sp. CL-2 (KACC 91283P) on the growth of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L.). The study consisted of three treatments, no treatment (NT), twice application of Kluyvera sp. CL-2 before transplanting (KC1), and five times application around transplanting (KC2). We determined the chemical properties of soil before and after the treatments, and compared the growth characteristics of watermelon among treatments. The treatment of Kluyvera sp. CL-2 at $1.0{\times}10^6cfu\;mL^{-1}$ significantly increased available $P_2O_5$. The organic matter showed to increase for all treatments, while soil pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg tended to decrease for all treatments. The leaf width was increased by 11.6% for KC1 and 26.2% for KC2 compared to NT. But there were no significant differences in yield, leaf length, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, and pericarp thickness among treatments. The contents of free sugars such as fructose and glucose were increased by microbial treatments but sucrose was not different from NT. The content of glucose in watermelon was increased by 13.8% in KC1 and 12.8% in KC2 compared to NT. The content of fructose increased by 14.6% in KC1 and by 39.8% in KC2 compared to NT. The results from the study imply that Kluyvera sp. CL-2 can be used to increase sugar content in watermelon.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to study on the evaluation of fermentation ability of microbes for whole crop rice silage Inoculant at National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2004 to 2005. We collected 28 strains of microbes from whole crop rice silage. According to acidity and growth ability, 5 strains of microbes was isolated (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2, R10-1, R12-1). The cultures of 4 strains were identified to be Lactobacillus plantarum (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2 and R10-1) and one was identified to be Lactobacillus pentosus (R12-1). Whole crop rice was harvested at the yellow ripen stage. It was ensiled in experimental silos (20ℓ capacity) with or without microbial additives (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2, R10-1, R12-1 and three commercial inoculant) and stored at room temperature for 60d. The pH value and acetic acid content of additivetreated silages were lower and lactic acid content was higher than those of the control (p<0.05). There was a trend for acetic acid content to be lowest and lactic acid to be highest in R7-1 treated silage. Crude protein (CP) contents of R7-2 treated silage was higher and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of R7-1 treated silage was lower (p<0.05). Although some strains of inoculant could improve silage quality, L. plantarum R7-1 was more effective as an inoculant for whole crop rice silage. This microbe was named NLRI 401 and registered in the Korea Agricultural Culture Collection.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2016

This study investigated the possibility of usage of freeze-dried ingredients for the preparation of Nabak kimchi. The quality characteristics of Nabak kimchi using freeze-dried ingredients (radish, kimchi cabbage, green onion, garlic and ginger) were monitored during storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The initial pH of Nabak kimchi was 5.76~5.93, however, it decreased significantly over increasing storage periods (p<0.05). The titratable acidity of Nabak kimchi increased during storage, reaching 0.43~1.08%. Among the freeze-dried samples, those treated with freeze-dried radish and minor ingredients showed lower titratable acidity than that of the control. The initial number of total aerobic and lactic acid bacteria were 5.57~6.25, and 5.52~6.24 log CFU/g, respectively. After 28 days, the population of total aerobic and lactic acid bacteria in the raw ingredients and freeze-dried minor ingredients was less than 8.0 log CFU/g, but more than 9.0 log CFU/g in other samples. Yeasts and molds in Nabak kimchi were detected up to 2~3 log CFU/g, but coliforms were not detected in all samples during storage. The score of firmness and overall acceptability in the control, raw ingredients and freeze-dried minor ingredients were significantly higher than others (p<0.05). These results indicated that freeze-dried ingredients, such as green onion, garlic, and ginger, can be used in kimchi and would delay microbial growth and extend the shelf-life of kimchi without any deduction of sensory quality.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2015

The in vitro experiment was conducted to ensure the supplemental level of spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrates (SMS) as an energy source in manufacturing of whole crop sorghum silage. Sorghum harvested at heading stage was ensiled with spent mushroom substrates of 20% (S-20), 40% (S-40) and 60% (S-60) as fresh matter basis for 6 week. The experiment was conducted by 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 hrs of incubation time with 3 replications. The silages were evaluated fermentation characteristics and dry matter digestibility (DMD) in vitro. The pH of in vitro solution was inclined to decrease with elapsing the incubation time, and that of the S-20 was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the other treatment at 48 hr of incubation. Gas production was greater (P<0.05) in the S-20 than the other treatments at 6 and 12 hrs of incubation. The microbial growth in vitro was inclined to decrease following 24 hr of incubation, and thereafter sustained the similar levels. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was lowered by increasing the supplemental level of spent mushroom substrate, and was a low level in the S-60 throughout whole incubation time. Although the IVDMD for S-40 was steadily increased from 9 hr of incubation and reached to similar level with the S-20 at 48 hour of incubation, however SMS for whole crop sorghum silage fermentation might as well add about 20 to 30% in fresh matter basis when considering DMD.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the feeding effect of $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ on growth performance, organ phenomenon and cecum microflora in broiler chicks. The $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ was made by an ion exchange between illite and $silver(Ag^+)$. There were four treatment groups: negative control group(non-treatment), antibiotic supplement group (positive control), 0.5% $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplment group and 1.5% $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement group. Total 200 birds was assigned for this five replication tests, allocating 10 birds into each treatment. Experimental diets were formulated on isocalories and isonitrogen for the whole experimental period. Body weight gain was higher in antibiotic supplementation (+C) and $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement groups(S 0.5% and 51.5%) than the negative control group(-C), and feed efficiency was significantly enhanced with increase of the level of $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement. The length of small intestine was longer in +C than in -C and $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement groups (P<0.05), and the weight of small intestine was proportional to the level of $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement. Crop weight was lower in $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement group than in -C and +C groups (P<0.05), and the cecum weight was heavier in $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplementation group. Intestinal villi height was longer in 51.5% group at 3 weeks and 6 weeks of age than in -C and +C groups. With the respect of the formation of intestinal microflora, TBC and CBC was not affected by age and feed additive. However, the number of LAB was slightly higher in $bio-silverlite^{(R)}$ supplement group than in -C and +C groups.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2011

The distributions of phytoplankton assemblages and environmental factors in Jinhae Bay and their relationships were investigated to estimate the potential limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth and community structure. In situ algal bioassay experiments were also conducted to assess the species-specific characteristics in phytoplankton responses under different nutrient conditions (control, N(+) and P(+) treatment). During the study periods, bacillariophyceae and cryptophyceae occupied more than 90% of total phytoplankton assemblages. Phytoplankton standing crops in the inner part of Masan Bay were higher than that of Jinhae Bay. The DIN:DIP ratio, pH and transparency showed the significant positive correlation with phytoplankton biomass. According to cluster and multidimensiolnal scaling (MDS) analysis based on phytoplankton community data from each station, the bay was divided into three groups. The first group included stations from the south-western part of Jinhae bay where cryptophyta species were dominated. The second group was distinguished from inner stations in Masan Bay. These stations showed low transpancy and high DIN:DIP ratio. The other cluster included the stations from the eastern part and central part of Jinhae Bay, which was characterized by the high DSi:DIP ratio and dominant of diatom species. Phosphorous (P) was limited in Masan Bay due to significantly increases in the phytoplankton abundances. Based on stoichiometric limitation and algal bio-assay in Jinhae Bay, nitrogen (N) was a major limiting factor for phytoplankton production. However, silicate (Si) was not considered as limiting factor, since Si/DIN and Si/P ratio and absolute concentration of nutrient did not create any potential stoichiometric limitation in the bay. This implies that high Si availability in winter season contributes favorably to the maintenances of diatom species.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.557-567
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• 2015

To increase the marketability of Dolsan leaf mustard Kimchi, seasonings were prepared by sea tangle and Lentinus edodes. Gat Kimchi A (GK-A) and Gat Kimchi B (GK-B) were prepared by addition of complex seasoning with Sea tangle (CSS), complex seasoning with Lentinus edodes (CSL), respectively and evaluated the quality characteristics. GK-A contained high minerals and dietary fiber and showed the effect of delaying pH-lowering and acidity-rising. There were no significant differences in salinity test after 70 days. Reducing sugar of test groups was higher than control. During the fermentation, Leuconostoc sp. was grown in GK-A and GK-B than control. Growth of control's Lactobacillus sp. increased 20 days after. Up to 30 days, lightness of control was high. Yellowness were increased browning potential in GK-B, 20 days after. From the initial to 10 days, Hardness of GK-A showed higher than the others. glutamic acid and aspartic acid content of GK-A was higher significantly than the others in the entire fermentation period (p<0.05). At 0, 10, 30 days, sweet-tasty amino acids of GK-A showed a significantly higher level than the others (p<0.05). From 10 days to 40 days of fermentation, the sensory evaluation of GK-A is better than the other groups. Comprehensively reviewed the above results, the conclusion is as follows: CSS made with sea tangle as a main ingredient. GK-A by seasoning the CSS to 90 g GK-A is expected as a new Dolsan leaf mustard products that can provide flavor and nutrition to the consumer at the same time.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.169-180
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• 2020

This study examined the effects of a probiotic complex (PC) containing Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, organ weight, immune parameters, fecal microbial count, and noxious odor in broiler chicks. A total of 216 birds (4-day-old) were fed a basal diet (CON) and a diet supplemented with 0.25% (PC1) and 0.5% (PC2) of PC until 35 days of age. No difference in body weight, feed intake, and FCR was observed among the groups. The intestinal mucosal weight of the PC1 group was greater than that of the CON group without affecting weights of the other organs. Intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in the PC2 group increased significantly (P<0.05) compared with that in the CON group. The PC2 group also had a strong tendency for elevated blood sIgA levels. Dietary PC did not affect the level of interleukin-1β in the blood and mucosal tissues or alter maltase, sucrase, and leucine aminopeptidase activities in the intestinal mucosa. The PC2 group had higher colony-forming units (cfu) for L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae, but lower cfu for E. coli than those in the CON group. Compared to the CON diet, the PC2 diet resulted in a decreased H₂S concentration and a tendency toward decreased CH₃SH concentration. In conclusion, a 0.5% PC diet showed increased sIgA and desirable microbial population, and decreased noxious odor in the feces, suggesting that PC could be applied as an environmentally friendly feed additive in broiler chicks.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.305-314
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of harvest stage of corn on the quality of gunny bag silage manufactured with corn grown in paddy land of Department of Animal Resources Development, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2009 to 2010. Corn "Kwangpyungok" was harvested at three different growth stages (milk, yellow ripen and ripen stage) and ensiled at each harvest stages. The content of crude protein (CP) of corn in gunny bag silage decreased with delayed harvest maturity, but the contents of ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), TDN (total digestible nutrient) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were not changed with delayed harvest maturity. The contents of moisture, pH, and the nutritive values at three different harvest stages were not influenced by the method of silage manufacture and inoculant. The content of lactate in corn bag silage at milk stage was significantly increased (P<0.05), as compared with that of round baled corn silage. However, The contents of lactate in corn bag silage at yellow ripen stage and ripen stage were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Flieg's score in corn bag silage manufactured at milk stage increased as compared with that of round baled corn silage, and Flieg's score was hardly influenced by inoculant. Therefore, we suggest that manufacture method of bag silage can be new silage technique to improve the fermentation of corn silage and that smallscale stock farmer could be substituted bag silage for roll bale silage on small farm land.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.588-595
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• 2013

This study investigated the influence of temperature and $CO_2$ increase on phytoplankton growth and community structure during cold water season (spring) in Lake Paldang, Korea. Four experimental treatments of temperature and $CO_2$ manipulation were prepared in the laboratory batch culture: (1) Control; ambient low temperature ($6{\pm}2^{\circ}C$) and low $CO_2$ (air level, $400mgL^{-1}$), (2) T1; low temperature and high $CO_2$ ($800mgL^{-1}$), (3) T2; high temperature ($20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$) and low $CO_2$, (4) T3; high temperature and high $CO_2$. Algal growth experiment was carried out for 10 days under the light intensity of $70{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ (L :D=24 : 0). The level of pH decreased in both T1 and T3, due to dissolution of added $CO_2$. The dominant phytoplankton species of ambient water, Cyclotella meneghiniana succeeded to Fragilaria capucina var. gracilis in high-temperature treatment groups (T2 and T3). Cyanobacteria were very rare at the beginning of the experiment, while Oscillatoria limnetica appeared in only high-temperature groups (T2 and T3) at $6{\sim}7^{th}$ day. $CO_2$ addition in ambient temperature (T1) induced the highest phytoplankton growth, and thereby producing the highest average cell density of $3.27{\pm}0.33\;10^4\;cells\;mL^{-1}$, followed by T2 ($2.65{\pm}0.26\;10^4\;cells\;mL^{-1}$), T3 ($2.09{\pm}0.16\;10^4\;cells\;mL^{-1}$), and Control ($1.86{\pm}0.13\;10^4\;cells\;mL^{-1}$) (F=7.167, p=0.000). In summary, temperature increase changed the phytoplankton community structure and $CO_2$ increase promoted the phytoplankton growth during the cold spring season in Lake Paldang, suggesting a potential effect of climate change on freshwater phytoplankton.