• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.938-945
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• 2020

A dynamic model was developed to predict the Escherichia coli cell counts in pig trotters at changing temperatures. Five-strain mixture of pathogenic E. coli at 4 Log CFU/g were inoculated to cooked pig trotter samples. The samples were stored at 10℃, 20℃, and 25℃. The cell count data was analyzed with the Baranyi model to compute the maximum specific growth rate (μ_max) (Log CFU/g/h) and lag phase duration (LPD) (h). The kinetic parameters were analyzed using a polynomial equation, and a dynamic model was developed using the kinetic models. The model performance was evaluated using the accuracy factor (A_f), bias factor (B_f), and root mean square error (RMSE). E. coli cell counts increased (p<0.05) in pig trotter samples at all storage temperatures (10℃-25℃). LPD decreased (p<0.05) and μ_max increased (p<0.05) as storage temperature increased. In addition, the value of h₀ was similar at 10℃ and 20℃, implying that the physiological state was similar between 10℃ and 20℃. The secondary models used were appropriate to evaluate the effect of storage temperature on LPD and μ_max. The developed kinetic models showed good performance with RMSE of 0.618, B_f of 1.02, and A_f of 1.08. Also, performance of the dynamic model was appropriate. Thus, the developed dynamic model in this study can be applied to describe the kinetic behavior of E. coli in cooked pig trotters during storage.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.111-118
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• 2016

The medium used for bottle cultivation of mushrooms is made according to a specific workflow; this includes mixing the raw materials, adjusting the moisture content, placing the mixture into bottles, and sterilizing and cooling the medium. Medium composition should be kept constant throughout the year. placed in the bottle, choice of materials, moisture content, weight of the medium, bulk density, nitrogen content, three-phase medium, such as suitable conditions. To achieve constant medium composition a comprehensive model has been established in accordance with the technology developed in the work process with respect to medium compositions piecemeal. By comprehensively applying the various methods to establish medium composition, our country can expect to grow at over four seasons and overcome the many difficulties in mushroom mycelial growth periods, cultivation periods, quantity, and quality.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.29
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• pp.177-199
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• 2012

Nowadays migrations between the countries are getting each day more active and a mixture of people with different cultural backgrounds strengthens the hybridism, whereupon the point of view on the migration of Koreans has been changed from a diasporan perspective to an transnational one. The expansion of the transnationalism affects the identity of the subsequent generations of the immigration giving way to a psychologically deterritorialized social identity, which is an important consideration in the study of subsequent generations of the immigration. This study examined the Korean immigration history and the current status of the Korean community in Spain since the 1960s. The early immigrants like fishing vessel crew members, instructors of Taekwondo, chicken sexers who, despite the limits of foreigners in Spain, went to find out the source of life with no hesitation, overcame the difficulties of the early settlers and finally managed to achieve local success. Current history of immigration that began in the mid-1960s went through the maturity during the 1970s and 80s and the Koreans in Spain these days, who have undergone differentiation in the occupational structure because of the crisis of pelagic fisheries, face new challenges due to changes in the environment of the country they reside. The Korean community is regarded as an 'exemplary minority group (Model Minority)' even though it is a minority group in number. Now that the interest for overseas Koreans is higher than ever at home and abroad, due to the economic growth of the Republic of Korea, the spread of its cultural influence -the Korean Wave as proof-, and the overseas Koreans suffrage conducted, the research of the Korean residents in Spain will be important as an advanced research of an unexplored field, as well as an opportunity to broaden the horizons of the existing study area that has mainly dealt with major regions only.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.132-138
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• 2003

A stoichiometric mixture for $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal was prepared from horizontal electric furnace. The $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal was grown in the three-stage vertical electric furnace by using Bridgman method. The $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal was evaluated to be tetragonal by the power method. The (001) growth plane of oriented $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal was confirmed from back-reflection Laue patterns. The carrier density and mobility of $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal measured with Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.61\times 1016 \textrm {cm}^{-3}$ and 242 $\textrm{cm}^2$/V.s at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $1.4750ev - (7.69\times10^{-3})\; ev/k)\;T^2$/(T + 2147k).The crystal field and the spin-orbit splitting energies for the valence band of the $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal have been estimated to be 0.2704 eV and 0.1465 eV, respectively, by means of the photocurrent spectra and the Hopfield quasicubic model. These results indicate that the splitting of the $\Delta$so definitely exists in the $\Gamma_7$ states of the valence band of the $CdIn_2Te_4$ single crystal. The three photocurrent peaks observed at 10 K are ascribed to the $A_{1-} B_{1-}$ and Cl-exciton peaks for n = 1.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.173-181
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• 2015

A stoichiometric mixture of evaporating materials for $BaIn_2S_4$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal electric furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $BaIn_2S_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperatures were $620^{\circ}C$ and $420^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of the single crystal thin films was investigated by double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $BaIn_2S_4$ single crystal thin films measured from Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $6.13{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$ and $222cm^2/v{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $BaIn_2S_4$ obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g(T)=3.0581eV-(3.9511{\times}10^{-3}eV/K)T^2/(T+536K)$. The crystal field and the spin-orbit splitting energies for the valence band of the $BaIn_2S_4$ have been estimated to be 182.7 meV and 42.6 meV, respectively, by means of the photocurrent spectra and the Hopfield quasicubic model. These results indicate that the splitting of the ${\Delta}so$ definitely exists in the ${\Gamma}_5$ states of the valence band of the $BaIn_2S_4/GaAs$ epilayer. The three photocurrent peaks observed at 10 K are ascribed to the $A_1$-, $B_1$-exciton for n = 1 and $C_{24}$-exciton peaks for n = 24.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.244-252
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• 2004

A stoichiometric mixture of evaporating materials for $CuInSe_2$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal electric furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $_CuInSe2$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the hot wall epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperatures were $620^{\circ}C$ and $410^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of the single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $CuInSe_2$ single crystal thin films measured with Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $9.62\times10^{16}/\textrm{cm}^3$, 296 $\textrm{cm}^2$/Vㆍs at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $CuInSe_2$ obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g$(T) = 1.1851 eV -($8.99\times10^{-4} eV/K)T^2$(T + 153 K). The crystal field and the spin-orbit splitting energies for the valence band of the CuInSe$_2$ have been estimated to be 0.0087 eV and 0.2329 eV at 10 K, respectively, by means of the photocurrent spectra and the Hopfield quasicubic model. These results indicate that the splitting of the Δso definitely exists in the $\Gamma$6 states of the valence band of the $CuInSe_2$. The three photocurrent peaks observed at 10 K are ascribed to the $A_1-, B_1$-와 $C_1$-exciton peaks for n = 1.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.215-219
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated effects of Monegy (mixture of Sophorae Radix, Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE) on epilate-induced hair-loss in dorsal region of C57/BL6 mice and external structure of human hair. For morphological and histological analysis in scalp of epilate-induced hair-loss animal model, we utilized several microscopic techniques, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and LAS 4000. Confocal analysis showed the distribution of FITC-conjugated Monegy and penetration depth compared with normal and control group. Furthermore, when Monegy was topically administrated onto a C57BL6 mouse, it penetrated very well. The fluorescence intensity was increased upto 205 and 113 folds compared to normal and control group, respectively. Also, area of fluorescence was increased to upto 255 to 127 folds compared to normal and control group. Broad scale area of fluorescence in dermis region was observed in the Monegy-treated mice. Furthermore, Monegy induced upto 75% hair repair against depilation. It might be promoted via the induction of growth factors in hair follicle.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.135-156
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• 2021

Achievement pressure and enthusiasm affecting mathematics academic achievement are constantly changing and affecting academic achievement. Therefore, a longitudinal study is needed to examine the influence of the change patterns of teachers' achievement pressure and enthusiasm on the change patterns of academic achievement. This study utilized student data from the 5th grade of elementary school (2013 year) to the third grade of middle school (2017 year) of the Korean Education Longitudinal Study 2013. The longitudinal change patterns of mathematics academic achievement were classified into similar subgroups and the influence of the longitudinal change patterns of the achievement pressure and enthusiasm of each group on the longitudinal change pattern of mathematics academic achievement and the path were compared and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, in all four subgroups with similar longitudinal changes in mathematics academic achievement, the teacher's achievement pressure showed little change from the fifth grade, while the teacher's enthusiasm continued to decline from the fifth grade. In addition, the influence of teachers' achievement pressure and enthusiasm perceived by students in each group on mathematics academic achievement was different. This suggests that in order to improve mathematics academic achievement, it is necessary to support teaching and learning reflecting the characteristics and dispositions of students.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.27-38
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• 2017

Objective : In the present study, we examined whether Canavalia gladiata D.C. (CG) and Arctium lappa L., Redix (AL) mixture (CGAL), their components, lupeol and chicoric acid, regulate immune system and suppress the tumor in vitro and in vivo. Methods : LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured after treatment with CG extract (CGE), CGAL, lupeol, chicoric acid and lupeol and chicoric acid mixture (lupeol+CA) in Raw264.7 cell. To determine the effect of CGE on immune responses, immune cell population and IgG production were assessed in mice. To investigate the effect of CGAL and their component on anti-tumor activity, tumor volume and weight were measured, cell cycles and immune cell population were analyzed in MC38 injected tumor bearing mice. Also, NK cell activity was determined in splenocyte isolated from tumor bearing mice. Results : CGE, CGAL, lupeol, chicoric acid and lupeol+CA decreased the LPS-induced ROS and NO production without cell toxicity in RAW264.7 cells. CGE increased the immune cell populations of $CD4^+T$, $CD8^+T$ and macrophages in various immune organ of mice. In tumor bearing mice, CGAL, lupeol, chicoric acid and lupeol+CA suppressed tumor volume and weight. In cell cycle analysis, they decreased the percentages of S phase. In addition, CGAL, lupeol, chicoric acid and lupeol+CA immune cell populations of $CD4^+T$, $CD8^+Tcell$, NK cell and macrophage in tumor as well as NK cell activity. Conclusion : CGAL and its compounds may enhance immune responses and suppress tumor growth, and may be capable of developing health functional foods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.79-80
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• 2006

A stoichiometric mixture of evaporating materials for $CdIn_2S_4$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal electric furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $CdIn_2S_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-Insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $CdIn_2S_4$ obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation. $E_g(T)=2.7116 eV-(7.74{\times}10^{-4} eV)T^2/(T+434)$. The crystal field and the spin-orbit splitting energies for the valence band of the $CdIn_2S_4$ have been estimated to be 0.1291 eV and 0.0248 eV, respectively, by means of the photocurrent spectra and the Hopfield quasicubic model. These results indicate that the splitting of the ${\Delta}so$ definitely exists in the ${\Gamma}_5$ states of the valence band of the $AgInS_2$/GaAs epilayer. The three photocurrent peaks observed at 10K are ascribed to the $A_1-$, $B_1-$, and C1-exciton peaks for n = 1.