• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 2007

Performance indicators haven't been used for the assessment of the wastewater treatment facility or management in Korea yet, therefore they are going to be important parts in wastewater utilities because they are used to understand present situation and to compare one with other wastewater utilities. In this study, we used performance indicators to assess the condition of wastewater utilities and they were divided into four categories (A, B, C, and D). A category represented the condition of the planning & construction and composed of wastewater supply, disaster defence and employees. B category represented maintenance of wastewater utilities and were composed of manhole, sewer, and technical employees. C category showed the operation efficiency of wastewater utilities and D category represented the environmental load. To analyze the situation of wastewater utilities overall, cluster analysis was performed using four categori' es indicators. And CCC (Cubic Clustering Criterion) and R-square were used to decide the proper number of clusters, and wastewater utilities of 48 cities were divided into 5 groups(I, II, III, IV, and V groups). Each cluster was analyzed by average and standard deviation to understand the situation of wastewater utilities. A group analysis showed that IV and V clusters were insufficient, B group showed that I and IV groups were insufficient, C group showed all clusters are above average, and D group was also like C group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.531-538
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to identify the effects of Qi hand reflexology on autonomic nerve activity in patients admitted to hospital. Method: A non-equivalent control group and quasi-experimental research with pre/post test design were used and 59 patients on a medical ward were assigned to either the experimental group (32) or the control group (27). The study variables included vital signs, autonomic nerve activities (ALF (absolute low frequency), AHF (absolute high frequency), nLF (normalized low frequency), nHF (normalized high frequency), SDNN (standard deviation of all normal-normal intervals)) and were evaluated using the QECG-3 system. The experimental group was treated with Qi hand reflexology for 10 minutes per day, for 3days. Results: Skin temperature and systolic blood pressure in the experimental decreased with treatment. ALF, AHF and SDNN for the experimental group increased with regulating proportion (nLF: nHF=6:4) and a significant difference between the groups was observed. Conclusion: The results indicated that application of Qi hand reflexology for patients in the hospital is effective in regulating the autonomic nervous system activation. Implication of finding should be useful for future research.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 2013

A method of detecting lead was developed using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) with DNA-carbon nanotube paste electrode (CNTPE). The results indicated a sensitive oxidation peak current of lead on the DNA-CNTPE. The curves were obtained within a concentration range of 50 $ngL^{-1}-20mgL^{-1}$ with preconcentration time of 100, 200, and 400 sec at the concentration of $mgL^{-1}$, ${\mu}gL^{-1}$, and $ngL^{-1}$, respectively. The observed relative standard deviation was 0.101% (n = 12) in the lead concentration of 30.0 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ under optimum conditions. The low detection limit (S/N) was pegged at 8 $ngL^{-1}$ ($2.6{\times}10^{-8}M$). Results showed that the developed method can be used in real-time assay in vivo without requiring any pretreatment and pharmaceutical samples, and food samples, as well as other materials requiring water source contamination analyses.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1-14
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• 2001

The purpose of this research is to observe the differences in consumers behavior on clothes care based on their different lifestyles and different demographic characteristics. The research surveyed 267 women of 20 years old or older living in Taegu City. SPSS package was used for data analysis and frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA(analysis of valiance). and Duncan test were used The results are as follows: 1. Lifestyle factors for the research object were found as 'Consumption-oriented','family-oriented', 'Economic-oriented','Leisure-oriented','conservatism-oriented'. The categories for analysis according to these factors are classified into 5 categories, category 1 is Leisure/Family-oriented group, category 2 Consumption/Leisure avoidance-oriented group, category 3 Economy/Family Apathy-oriented group, category 4 Conservatism-oriented group, and category 5 Consumption/Innovation group. Five factors for behavior on clothes care are found, including washing method, interest in detergent, environmental behavior, washing effectiveness, and management after washing 2. Behavior on clothes care based on lifestyle groups showed a meaningful difference according to the following: Interest in detergent(p<.05 level), environmental behavior(p<.01 level), and washing effectiveness(p< .01 level) 3. In demographic variations (such as age, monthly income, monthly expenditure on clothes), there is a meaningful difference in behavior on clothes care, such as interest in detergent or management after washing, according to different age groups. However, no meaningful difference is found in behavior on clothes care according to other demographic characteristics.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of early contact between mothers and infants on attachment behaviors. Methods: The participants were purposely allocated to an experimental group (n=20) and a control group (n=20). For the experimental group, early contact between mothers and newborns took place for 10 minutes. Mother-infant attachment was assessed in the nursery. Data analysis was done using frequency, percentage, $x^2$ test, mean, standard deviation, and t-test with the SPSS/WIN program. Results: The experimental group practicing early mother-infant contact, showed a higher degree of identifying behaviors (p<.05), modalities of interaction (p<.05), and caretaking behaviors (p<.05) than the control group. Conclusion: The early mother-infant contact at 2 hours post-delivery had positive effects on mother-infant attachment. Therefore an early contact can be recommended for all mothers-to-be as a way of improving mother-infant relationships.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.319-328
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to identify nursing interventions clinically applicable to relieve displeasure and anxiety of patients having an operation in which loud noise was unavoidable. Methods: Participants were 34 patients scheduled to have a total knee replacement. They were assigned to either the control (17 patients) or experimental (17 patients) group. Data were collected from September to November 2010. The instruments used for the survey included noise-control earplugs, a noise level meter (TES-1358) and a structured scale measuring degree of noise perception, displeasure and anxiety. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, standard deviation, $x^2$-test, and t-test with the SPSS WIN 18.0 program. Results: Hypothesis 1: 'The displeasure levels of the experimental group of patients wearing earplugs will be lower than the control group patients without earplugs' was accepted (t=-20.769, p<.001). Hypothesis 2: 'The anxiety levels of the experimental group of patients wearing earplugs will be lower than the control group patients without earplugs' was accepted (t=-6.298, p<.001). Conclusion: Based on these findings, the wearing of earplugs for patients having a surgical operation with loud noises is recommended as an effective nursing intervention to relieve patient displeasure and anxiety during their surgical operations.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.193-203
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• 2021

Purpose : This study aims to identify the effects of peer tutoring on the peer group caring interaction, interpersonal competence, and academic self-efficacy of nursing college students and to use them for practical education. Methods : The participants comprised 33 nursing students who lived in Gyeong-nam Province. Data were collected from February 1 to May 1, 2019. The PGCIS -K Questionnaire, Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire, and Academic Self-efficacy Questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed by average, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and Wilcoxon signed rank test using SPSS version 23.0. Results : A significant difference was found in the data obtained from the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (z=-2.13, p<.03) but not from the PGCIS-K Questionnaire of the research subjects who participated in peer tutoring (z=-.89, p<.37) and from the Academic Self-efficacy Questionnaire (z=-.78, p<.43). Furthermore, their interpersonal competence significantly increased after the peer tutoring program. Conclusion : This study developed a peer tutoring program for nursing students and applied it to basic nursing practice classes to verify its effect on peer group caring interaction, interpersonal competence, and academic self-efficacy. The subjects improved their peer group caring interaction and interpersonal competence through peer tutoring. Peer tutoring also showed an effect on interpersonal competence.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.331-343
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• 2019

Purpose: This study focuses on investigating the effectiveness of simulation education on emergency management using a low-fidelity simulator as related to clinical skill performance, self-confidence, knowledge, learning satisfaction, and critical thinking disposition in new nurses. Methods: A pre-post test experimental design of nonequivalent control group was applied. Fifty-five new nurses were recruited, 28 nurses for the experimental group and 27 nurses for the control group. A simulation education for emergency management comprising knowledge lecture, team learning, skill education, team simulation, and debriefing was developed and implemented from Feb. 14 to 27, 2015. Data were analyzed with percentage, average, and standard deviation, chi-square, and t-test using SPSS. Results: The experimental group showed significantly higher knowledge (t=5.81, p<.001), clinical skill performance (t=10.08, p<.001), self-confidence (t=-6.24, p<.001), critical thinking disposition (t=2.42, p=.019), and learning satisfaction (t=4.21, p<.001) for emergency management compared with the control group who had traditional lecture education. Conclusion: The results indicate that a simulation education using a low-fidelity simulator is an efficient teaching method for new nurses to deepen their clinical skill performance, self-confidence, knowledge, learning satisfaction, and critical thinking disposition in learning emergency management.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 1982

To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness and significance of quantitative sacroiliac joint scintigraphy in the assessment of sacroiliitis, we measured Sacroiliac Joint/Sacrum Uptake Ratio(SIS Ratio) by region of interest(ROI) method using $^{99m}Tc-methylene$ diphosphonate. The observed results were as follows: 1. Using ROI method, the SIS ratios for the control group of 65 persons were $1.05{\pm}0.08$(left) and $1.06{\pm}0.07$(right) which were narrower in range than those of slice method $(mean{\pm}S.D.)$. 2. The effects of age, gender and laterality on SIS ratio were not significant. 3. In left side, one of 6 patients with rheumatoid arthritis had SIS ratio in excess of 2 standard deviation of normal control group, and remainder had SIS ratios within normal limit. In right side, 3 patients had SIS ratios in excess of 2 standard deviation of normal control group, and remainder, within normal limit. 4. In both sacroiliac joint, 2 of 3 patients having sacroiliitis clinically with Reiter's syndrome whose pelvis A-P X-ray findings showed normal had high SIS ratios (left/right; 1.31/1.69, 1.90/1.80), but SIS ratio of one patient who had no evidence of sacroiliitis clinically was within normal limit. 5. In 6 patients with ankylosing spondylitis in both sacroiliac joints, 4 whose pelvis A-P Xray findings showed severe sclerotic change of sacroiliac joints had SIS ratio within normal limit or below that of normal control group, and SIS ratios of 2 patients whose pelvis A-P X-ray findings showed were increased. 6. 4 of 5 patients with low back pain of which cause could not be evaluated clinically and radiologically had SIS ratios in excess of that of normal control group. It would be concluded that quantitative sacroiliac joint scintigraphy is useful and sensitive screening method in the diagnosis as well as in the assessment clinical activity of sacroiliitis.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

This study is based on previous information regarding reduced cardiac vagal activity in patients with coronary artery disease(CAD), on reduced variance(SDNN : standard deviation of all normal RR intervals), low-frequency power(LF), and the complexity of heart rate variability(HRV) in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF), and on the normalized high-frequency power of HRV is the highest in the right lateral decubitus position among 3 recumbent postures in patients with CAD, However, nothing is known about the nonlinear dynamics of HRV for the 3 recumbent postures in patients with CAD. To investigate the linear and non-linear characteristics of HRV in patients with CAD, 29 patients as CAD group and 23 patients as control group were studied. Electrocardiogram(ECG) with lead II channel was measured on these patients for 3 recumbent postures in random order. The HRV from ECG was analyzed with linear method(for time and frequency domains) and nonlinear method. The lower the high-frequency power in normalized unit(nHF) in the supine or left lateral decubitous position, the higher the increase in nHF when the position was changed from supine or left lateral decubitous to right lateral decubitous. Among the 3 recumbent postures in patients with severe CAD, the right lateral decubitus position was observed to induce the highest vagal modulation, the lowest sympathetic modulation, and the highest complexity of human physiology system.