• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.287-297
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to nurses' organizational citizenship behavior using multilevel analysis which included both nurse characteristics at individual levels and nursing unit characteristics at group levels. Methods: The sample was composed of 1,996 nurses who were selected from 182 nursing units in 28 hospitals in six metropolitan cities and seven provinces using cluster sampling. Data were collected using self-reported questionnaires from February to March 2006. Results: The results of the study indicated that individual level variables related to organizational citizenship behavior were religion, job position, clinical career, self efficacy, positive affectivity, and supervisor support. The group level variables related to organizational citizenship behavior were collective efficacy, number of nurses in a nursing unit, and the average salary level of a nursing unit. 30.9% of individual level variances of organizational citizenship behavior were explained by the nurses' individual level variables. The explanatory power of group level variables, which is related to group level variances of organizational citizenship behavior, was 75.5%. Conclusion: This research showed that it was necessary to develop appropriate strategies related to not only individual factors, but also higher-level organizational factors such as collective efficacy, to improve individual performances in the hospital.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.207-231
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of Critical Thinking Strategy supporting argumentation activities between learners. The research question is whether the form of Critical Thinking Strategy offered to support meaningful interaction of collaborative argumentation between learners influences the knowledge acquisition, learning outcome, and student satisfaction. For this, the collaboration outcome of the group, the level of individual knowledge acquisition, the level of students satisfaction were measured as outcome of argumentation activity and their differences analyzed. This study concludes the following: A comparison of the group that was provided with Critical Thinking Strategy (test group) and the group provided with general argumentation scaffolds (compared group) showed there wasn't statistically significant differences in the quality of the learning outcome of collaboration between the groups and in students satisfaction. But there was significant difference in the degree of individual acquisition depending on the offering of scaffolding for Critical Thinking. Therefore, as premised in this study, supporting meaningful mutual interaction between learners during collaborative argumentation using Critical Thinking Strategy has a positive influence on the individual acquisition of domain knowledge. The group provided with scaffolding for Critical Thinking gained higher effect in the degree of knowledge sharing and individual acquisition of domain knowledge compared to the group provided with general argumentation scaffolding.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.158-168
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of 'individual' found in architecture of British Archigram Group. Although many critics and historians have judged Archigram as a simple technocrat, the concept of individual employed by Archigram since their Living City Exhibition undermine their representational works. Archigram's concept of individual was basically influenced by the European historical context since the Renaissance and at the same time by the philosophy of existentialism. Since Archigram proposed their individualistic trend In the Living City Exhibition, they have created many individualistic architecture such as Living Pod, Cushicle, Suitaloon, etc. Through these experimental projects, Archlgram's concept of individual did not intend to get rid of the society itself, but to form a society based on the individual autonomy and on the interaction between individuals. In the city of Archigram, there was ultimately the new symbiosis between individual units and this symbiosis completed new world.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1328-1333
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• 2009

To evaluate different housing systems, 80 gilts were randomly allocated at puberty to four treatments: i) sow stall in gestation followed by farrowing crate (SC), ii) group housing with individual feeding in gestation followed by farrowing crate (GC), iii) ESF (Electronic Sow Feeding) system in gestation followed by farrowing crate (EC), and iv) ESF system followed by group farrowing pen (EG). The results showed that stalled sows had a longer interval between puberty and second estrus (p<0.001). The sows kept in the ESF system gained more body weight (p<0.01) and backfat (p<0.05) prior to service, and more backfat during gestation (p<0.05), but also had greater backfat losses in the subsequent lactation (p<0.01). Sows changing from loose housing to confinement at farrowing had longer gestation length (p<0.001). Total litter size did not differ significantly between gestation treatments, but the number of stillborn piglets was significantly higher in the SC treatment (p<0.01). After weaning, SC sows had the longest interval for rebreeding (p<0.001). Some EG sows came into heat before weaning, giving this treatment the shortest interval. These results indicate that gestation confinement in sow stalls had several detrimental effects on sow performance relative to group housing.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 1983

To experimentally research out the effect of 'Hagocho-San' used for liver disease on the clinical treatment of oriental medicine, I induced liver damage rats by thioacetamide and dosed the extracts orally and measured the activity rate of GOT, GPT, ALP and LDH. The following results were obtained: 1) GOT activity was more decreased in the experimental group than in the control group. Extracts from mixed decoction was more efficacious than those mixed form of the extracts after individual decoction. Extracts from decoction showed continuous significance after 48 hours on, but mixed form of extracts after individual decoction was significant only after 48 hours and 96 hours. 2) GPT activity was more decreased in the experimental group than in the control group. Extracts from mixed decoction was effective after 48 hours on but mixed form of extracts after individual decoction was significant after 48 hours and 72 hours. 3) ALP activity was more decreased in the experimental group than in the control group. Extracts from mixed decoction was more efficacious than the mixed form of extracts after individual decoction and significance was verified after 72 hours on. 4) The significance of LDH activity in the extracts from mixed decoction was revealed after 72 hours and 96 hours but mixed form of extracts after individual decoction showed significance 72 hours later. 5) From the above results, it was showed that 'Hagocho-San' extract was effective on liver disease and extracts from mixed decoction was more effective than mixed form of extracts after individual decoction.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.183-189
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• 2011

To quantitatively evaluate how setup errors in conjunction with dose gradients contribute to the error in IMRT dose quality assurance (DQA) measurements. The control group consisted of 5 DQA plans of which all individual field dose differences were less than ${\pm}5%$. On the contrary, the examination group was composed of 16 DQA plans where any individual field dose difference was larger than ${\pm}10%$ even though their total dose differences were less than ${\pm}5%$. The difference in 3D dose gradients between the two groups was estimated in a cube of $6{\times}6{\times}6\;mm^3$ centered at the verification point. Under the assumption that setup errors existed during the DQA measurements of the examination group, a three dimensional offset point inside the cube was sought out, where the individual field dose difference was minimized. The average dose gradients of the control group along the x, y, and z axes were 0.21, 0.20, and 0.15 $cGy{\cdot}mm^{-1}$, respectively, while those of the examination group were 0.64, 0.48, and 0.28 $cGy{\cdot}mm^{-1}$, respectively. All 16 plans of the examination group had their own 3D offset points in the cube. The individual field dose differences recalculated at the offset points were mostly diminished and thus the average values of total and individual field dose differences were reduced from 3.1% to 2.2% and 15.4% to 2.2%, respectively. The offset distribution turned out to be random in the 3D coordinate. This study provided the quantitative data that support the large individual field dose difference mainly stems from possible geometric errors (e.g., random setup errors) under the influence of steep dose gradients of IMRT field.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the coping and self-care behaviors between the individual and group education using the structured programs for the patients in chemotherapy. Methods: The quasi experimental study was designed for this study, and 30 patients received individual education and 30 patients received group education. Collecting data had been done through the seven months from March to Oct. 2011. Results: Hypothesis 1: "There could be differences in aspects of coping between the two groups educated using a structured education program" was rejected (F=2.71, p=.105). Hypothesis 2: "The individually educated group using the structured education program will have higher scores than the group education in self-care behaviors" was supported because there were statistically significant differences (F=4.16, p=.046). Conclusion: It was confirmed that individual education programs, among the patient education for cancer patients can be adopted as nursing intervention in nursing practice to improve self-care behaviors. However, there were no differences between th two group in the aspects of coping.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.805-812
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the shopping orientation and purchase behavior of missy women who are the main consumers of baby's wear and to identify the differences between decision criteria for baby's wear purchase and purchase behavior by their types of shopping orientation. The results of this study are as followings: 1. The analysis of shopping orientation shows that there are five factors; pleasure-oriented, practicality-oriented, impulse-oriented, store-devoted, and individual-oriented shopping. The group analysis shows that there are five groups; store-devoted shopping group, individual-oriented shopping group, impulse-oriented shopping group, practicality-oriented shopping group and pleasure-oriented shopping group. 2. The analysis of the differences in decision criteria for baby's wear purchase by the types of shopping orientation demonstrates that there are significance differences in all variables except price and design variables. The results show that store-devoted shopping group puts an emphasis on the quality and practicality. Individual-oriented shopping group emphasizes practicality. Impulse-oriented shopping group considers brand image and fashionableness. Practicality-oriented shopping group focuses on practicality. And pleasure-oriented shopping group regards brand image and fashionableness. 3. In order to find out the purchase behavior by the types of shopping orientation, several variables, such as favored images by the types, information resources, store selection behavior, purchase expanses, purchase frequency, and the ratio of purchasing imported baby's wear, are analyzed. The results show no significant differences among them.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.251-260
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• 2001

The purpose of this article was to compare the fluoridation effect via individual tray with other professional methods. In oder to compare the fluoridation effect, 40 extracted human teeth was divided into 4 groups(each group was composed of 10 teeth) and the surface hardness of each group was tested in untreated, after fluoridation, after fluoridation and etching by 10% lactic acids. group I: no fluoridation(control) group II : fluoridation with 123%APF group III : fluoridation by iontophoresis with 2% NaF group IV : fluoridation by individual tray with 4% SnF2 gel Surface hardness was measured with Micro hardness tester(Shimadzu Co. Japan), Data analysis was conducted using the repeated measures ANOVA test. The results were as follows: 1. Four tested groups demonstrated nearly the same SMH in extracted state. 2. The SMH after fluoridation showed $330.57{\pm}139.09kg/mm^2$ in group IV, $221.79{\pm}187.48kg/mm^2$ in group II, $186.43{\pm}53.13kg/mm^2$ in group III. So the SMH of group IV, II were was significantly increased(p<0.01). 3. The SMH of group II, III, IV after acid etching was higher than the control group(p<0.01). 4. The SMH between group II, III, and IV after acid etching was not different significantly.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-87
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• 2008

This study investigates the effects of individual and group level factors on the use of GSS (Group Support System) and task performance from GSS use. GSS facilitates the group work, so that GSS adoption is not necessarily influenced only by individual perceptions on information systems as TAM insists. Adaptive Structuration. Theory (AST) joins with TAM in our study to explain the adoption and success from GSS use. AST contends that the success of IS is not necessarily the technical fit between tasks and technology, instead the political outcome among user socializations. We found that collected data from 303 individual IT staffs in a national bank. Our results demonstrate that traditional theories on TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) need to be refined, when considering the TTF(task-technology fit). TTF render high influences on PU(perceived usefulness). PEU(perceived ease of use) and FOA(faithfulness on appropriation). And FOA influences highly on our dependent variable. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.