• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.78-86
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• 2019

The study analyzed the greenness index that residents experience on the streets of rural areas, where characteristics are different from those of urban areas and the effects of these characteristics were investigated. In Yesan-gun, Chungnam, in order to analyze the greenness indices, the streets were categorized into 7 types. Then, two types of streetscape greenness indices were surveyed, analyzed, and compared. One is the street-trees greenness index which takes into account only the trees lining the street and the other is the street greenness index considering total artificial green, natural green, and productive green surfaces. As a result, using the street-tree greenness index the street greenness index of Yesan-gun was analyzed as 15.93% on national highways, 26.14% for local roads, 28.28% for gun-roads, 24.72% for myun-roads, 40.70% for li-roads, 32.78% for nong-roads, and 18.36% for urban planning roads. Using the street greenness index, the street-trees greenness index was analyzed to be 5.02% for national highways, 9.10% for local roads, 8.55% for gun-roads, 4.51% for myun-roads, 6.92% for li-roads, 2.56% for nong-roads, and 9.39% for urban planning roads. To analyze what factors have an impact on the street-trees greenness index and the street greenness index, the study analyzed the effects of street side-land uses, lane types, street-trees, and sidewalks. As a result, both the street greenness index and the street-trees greenness index responded according to the land use adjacent to the street, lane types, and sidewalks. The street greenness index did not change due to the existence of street-trees, but the street-trees greenness index did. Through comparison with other studies, it was found that Yesan-gun needs to improve its streetscape to improve its greenness index rating.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.107-114
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• 2019

Purpose - This is longitudinal research which aims to investigate the meaning of greenness to consumers' behavior. Consumers adopt green marketing as a new factor in product buying and consumption and more and more consumers prefer green product and services. Consumers' green buying behavior can be different from other purchasing experiences. There would be changes in the meaning of green as time passed and it can be different from countries to other countries. This study examines focus group studies with several groups. There is a ten-year gap between 2010 focus group and 2019 focus group interviews. With this ten-year gap, we can find the change of greenness to consumers. Research design, data, and methodology - The data were collected from Turkish, Korean, Kazakhstan people. This is a cross-sectional study and focus group interview was designed. We can gain information relevant to the research problem with using focus group study and get some insights into basic needs and attitudes of green marketing. The subjects for green purchase interviewee were confined to under 40 years old's shoppers regardless of gender. The first study was investigated with several groups in 2010 and the second interview were conducted in 2019. Results - Results show that the meaning of greenness for consumer has changed over time in accordance with the growing accordance of environmental sustainability. Basically, green marketing still means valuable, natural, recycle-able, good for health, clean, smart behavior, essential benefit. The concept of greenness significantly evolved since it was investigated in 2010. It moves away from focusing on specific environmental issues to considering global sustainability issues. Especially we found that greenness can be related with globalization, higher education, social status at the 2019 interview. Conclusions - This paper attempted to confirm the green marketing is essential and expands its meaning to various aspect. Usually, we can think green marketing is everywhere, therefore, people don't care about green issues in real. But consumers are adopting green marketing more and more, it can be a means to attract potential consumers. Therefore, companies should provide enough greenness information for people and they might apply greenness communication to attract potential customers.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1663-1671
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• 2014

The object of this research is to find out the psychological change of observer according to the index of Greenness in the space of scenic planting, and research is proceeded with total 112, male students 69, and female students 43. The index of Greenness experimented with 5 pictures, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, and carried out the test after selecting each picture of the index of Greenness for landscaping in Konkuk University Global Campus. To find out the mood condition of testee, POMS and SD was used for analyzing. As a result of TMD among POMS, male and female students are shown as each 60% > 100% > 40% > 20% > 80% in order. As a result of SD, male and female students are shown as 80% > 20% > 40% > 60% > 100% in order and the index of Greenness 100% makes people feel fluent and natural about plants but closed and constrained than the index of Greenness 80%.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.311-318
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• 2007

This study was conducted based on the 115 development projects of residential areas during 2001-2006 to investigate the current status of park green areas. Prior Environmental Review System (PERS) was categorized into regions, scales, and time of the projects, and regression model was used for a statistical analysis. The ratios of greenness of Seoul and Gyunggi province were greater than those of other regions whereas the ratios of greeness of Cheonnam, Chungbuk, and Jeonbuk provinces showed smaller percentage of green areas. Secondly as the scales of development get bigger areas of greenness become larger indicating a large scale residential development projects are favorable for securing green areas. Thirdly the correlation between planned area and green areas, and that between planned population and the ratio of greenness are relatively low (P>0.05). This implies green areas are not a good indicator but a concrete guideline for green areas. Fourthly the ratio of greenness of small scale project is not reached to 10% so that it is recommended to secure over one million $m^2$ areas for development project.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.2 s.115
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• pp.26-35
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• 2006

The purpose of this research is to suggest the planting methods and the reasonable target levels of IGS for promoting green streetscape in Seoul. Using the three dimensional computer simulations, various greening methods were applied to evaluate effectiveness of promoting green streetscape. The results of this study suggest that promoting tree planting on car lane is more effective than on pedestrian side walks. In wide streets, the height of tree has positive effects on promoting green streetscape. In both car lane and pedestrian side walks, the greening effects of tree planting both in zig-zag pattern and in parallel pattern were similarly most high. The width of strip in side strip planting has positive effect on promoting green streetscape. Promoting stratified planting is very effective. Promoting greening wall on pedestrian side walks is more effective than on car lane. Combined the results of IGS survey with the public officials and complex simulations, suggest that the optimal levels of IGS is ranging from 12.0% in alleys to 54.0% in car lanes among arterial roads.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.325-328
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• 2007

We discuss the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the forest canopy and floor separately based on airborne spectral reflectance measurements and simultaneous airborne land surface images acquired around Yakutsk, Siberia in 2000. The aerial land surface images were visually classified into four forest types: no-green canopy and snow floor (Type-1), green canopy and snow floor (Type-2), no-green canopy and no-snow floor (Type-3), and green canopy and no-snow floor (Type-4). The mean NDVI was calculated for these four types. Although Type-2 had green canopy, the NDVI was rather small (0.17) because of high reflection from the snow cover on the floor. Type-3, which had no green canopy, indicated considerably large NDVI (0.45) due to the greenness of the floor. Type-4 had the largest NDVI (0.75) because of the greenness of both the canopy and floor. These results reveal that the NDVI depends considerably on forest floor greenness and snow cover in addition to canopy greenness.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.205-213
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• 2010

The purpose of this research is to analysis the application of the ISG(Index of Streetscape Greenness) in EIA through case study of Seoul. ISG is a new index which directly expresses human's perceptions of plants in a street and is defined as the area ratio of which leaves of plants occupy an eye-level view of a person standing on the center line of a street. In this research the 42 cases of 3 step reports such as plans, drafts, and final reports which had been passed through the EIA procedure of Seoul were analyzed. The results are as follows: In the drafts frequent mistakes or errors such as unsuitable picture composition, unsuitable sample points, inconsistency of the simulation result with the planting plan, and insufficient numbers of analysis were found, but almost of them were corrected in the final reports. In the most of final reports, the 30% of minimum requirement was satisfied. At all cases the changes of the ISG values were clearly positive. Finally the average current ISG was 19.6%, meanwhile the average proposed ISG was 35.4%. It was verified that the ISG is very practical index to promote green streetscape, but in order to guarantee an achievement a thorough investigation of reports are needed.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.691-698
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• 2019

This study is to examine the effect of improving the forest therapy program for adolescents using forest healing resources (focused on improving index of greenness for adolescents). The participants were 30 students from in the control group that participated in the 2018 program, and 51 students in experimental group that participated in the improved program in 2019. The questionnaire, developed by Korea Forest Welfare Institute, was comprised of items on general matters, index of greenness, restorative environment, positive emotion, negative emotion, facial expression and psychological assessment. The control group had 30 and the experimental group had 49 valid copies of the questionnaires. As a result of the paired sample t-test for each group, the control group showed a significant increase in all categories except restorative environment. In the experimental group, all categories significantly improved to a higher level (p <.01). An independent sample t-test (one-tailed test) was performed to test the effect of the forest therapy program with improved index of greenness. As a result, the index of greenness increased by 0.73 points(t=2.555, p <.01) and restorative environment by 1.01 points (t=2.567, p <.01), showing statistical significance. Negative emotion increased by 0.04 points (t=0.183, p >.05), which was not significant. On the other hand, positive emotion decreased by 0.42 points (t=-1.918, p <.05), facial expression by 0.57 points (t=-1.775, p <.05), and psychological assessment by 0.29 points (t=-0.981, p >.05), showing significance in positive emotion and facial expression. However, all the decreased items showed significant improvements between the pretest and posttest scores of the experimental group.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.274-279
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• 2009

To determine the critical level for optimum maturity of flue-cured tobacco leaves (KF118) at the stalk position from cutter to tips, the reflectance index using ground-based remote sensors and chlorophyll meter were investigated. The sensors estimated were Crop $Circle^{TM}$ (Holland Scientific), Green $Seeker^{TM}$ (Ntech Industries), Spectroradiometer (LICOR, LI-1800), Chlorophyll meter (SPAD502, Minolta), and Field $Scout^{TM}$ Chlorophyll meter (CM-1000, Spectrum). The L, a, b values and greenness for flue-cured leaf were measured and estimated for correlation with sensor's measurement of harvested leaf. On a reflectance curve of 340nm~1100 nm, the reflectance peaks on 550nm and 675 nm for the harvested leaf were lowered as change from light green to darker green. Darker green leaf harvested produced darker flue-cured leaf. The reflectance at 675 nm for flue-cured leaf decreased as greenness increased in the harvested leaf. This result means that the red edge band of 675 nm wavelength is related to the absorbance of chlorophyll for photosynthesis. The greenness of flue-cured leaf showed significantly positive correlation with the entire reflectance indexes for harvested leaf while the L value by colorimeter showed negative correlation with greenness of cured leaf. The critical level for optimum maturity of harvested leaf were less than 22, 135, and 0.43 for SPAD reading, CM-1000 reading, and gNDVI by Crop $Circle^{TM}$, respectively. Consequently, ground-based remote sensing providing a non-destructive real-time assessment of plant greenness could be a useful tool in the selection of optimum maturity of flue-cured tobacco leaves in relation to high quality of flue-cured tobacco.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 1987

In this study, I have tested the effects of the agents and dyeing conditions on the Brazil-wood dyestuff as one plant dyestuffs. According to the tests, I have fount that color differenciation depending opon the agents and procedual condtitions. As the agents, Alm induced redness and light yellowness by Aluminum Acetate, dark greenness or blueness by Ferrous chloride, dark redness by Stannous Chloride, dark grenness or blueness by Copperous Chloride, light yellowness or greenness by Calcium Dihydroxide. On the other hand, color-fastness differed from various mordant agents. The color-fastnes was solid using multiple agents than sole agent.