• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.292-301
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• 2018

Alternaria leaf spot disease has been a concern during a tomato production in greenhouse. In vitro antifungal activities of vapours of four plant essential oils, cinnamon oil, fennel oil, origanum oil and thyme oil, were investigated during in vitro conidial germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata causing the tomato leaf spots to find eco-friendly alternatives for chemical fungicides. The four plant essential oils showed different antifungal activities against in vitro conidial germination of A. alternata in dose-dependent manners, and cinnamon oil vapour was most effective to suppress the conidial germination. The four plant essential oils showed similar antifungal activities against the in vitro mycelial growth of A. alternata in dose-dependent manners, but low doses of thyme oil vapour slightly increased in vitro mycelial growth of A. alternata. Necrotic lesions on the A. alternata-inoculated tomato leaves were reduced differently depending on kinds and concentrations of plant essential oils. Delayed conidial germination and germ-tube elongation of A. alternata were found on the tomato leaves treated with cinnamon oil and origanum oil vapours at 6 hpi. These results suggest that volatiles from cinnamon oil and origanum oil can be provided as alternatives to manage Alternaria leaf spot during the tomato production eco-friendly.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.75-90
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• 2019

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are rising rapidly despite efforts to curb release of such gases. One long term potential solution to offset these destructive emissions is the capture and storage of carbon dioxide. Partially depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs are attractive targets for permanent carbon dioxide disposal due to proven storage capacity and seal integrity, existing infrastructure. Optimum well completion design in depleted reservoirs requires understanding of prominent geomechanics issues with regard to rock-fluid interaction effects. Geomechanics plays a crucial role in the selection, design and operation of a storage facility and can improve the engineering performance, maintain safety and minimize environmental impact. In this paper, an integrated geomechanics workflow to evaluate reservoir caprock integrity is presented. This method integrates a reservoir simulation that typically computes variation in the reservoir pressure and temperature with geomechanical simulation which calculates variation in stresses. Coupling between these simulation modules is performed iteratively which in each simulation cycle, time dependent reservoir pressure and temperature obtained from three dimensional compositional reservoir models in ECLIPSE were transferred into finite element reservoir geomechanical models in ABAQUS and new porosity and permeability are obtained using volumetric strains for the next analysis step. Finally, efficiency of this approach is demonstrated through a case study of oil production and subsequent carbon storage in an oil reservoir. The methodology and overall workflow presented in this paper are expected to assist engineers with geomechanical assessments for reservoir optimum production and gas injection design for both natural gas and carbon dioxide storage in depleted reservoirs.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2011

Tetrafluoromethane ($CF_4$) has been used as the plasma etching and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) gas for semiconductor manufacturing processes. However, the gas need to be removed efficiently because of their strong absorption of infrared radiation and the long atmospheric lifetime which cause global warming effects. A waterjet gliding arc plasma system in which plasma is combined with the waterjet was developed to effectively produce OH radicals, resulting in efficient destruction of $CF_4$ gas. Design factors such as electrode shape, electrode angle, gas nozzle diameter, electrode gap, and electrode length were investigated. The highest $CF_4$ destruction of 93.4% was achieved at Arc 1 electrode shape, $20^{\circ}$ electrode angle, 3 mm gas nozzle diameter, 3 mm electrode gap and 120 mm electrode length.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2021

This study investigated the reference case in the UK where legality and sustainability were systematically established for forest biomass represented by wood pellets. The UK is the country that best utilizes the trade value of wood pellets based on sustainability, with bioenergy accounting for 31% of total renewable energy production. The UK imported wood pellet, estimated 8,697 thousand tons in 2019. The UK government has continuously improved the renewable generation policy system to ensure the sustainability of wood pellets. The weighted average greenhouse gas emissions of a UK biomass power plant that received a Renewable Obligation Certificate (ROC) in 2018-19 was 26.71 gCO2e/MJ. These power plants are expected to meet the upper limit of 72.2 gCO2e/MJ by 2025. To issue an ROC, the biomass power plant must demonstrate that 70% of its total biofuel usage is sustainable. The UK uses the Sustainable Biomass Program (SBP) certification system, which is gradually expanding to other European countries, to prove the sustainability of biomass energy fuels. Global wood pellet production with SBP certification in 2019 was 10.5 Mt. This trend has significant implications for introducing additional sustainability into the wood pellet policy of South Korea.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.569-578
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• 2022

Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) represents a period of mid-Cretaceous when black shale was deposited worldwide. This short period of perturbations in the global biogeochemical cycles spans the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, marking the peak of the Cretaceous greenhouse, which is characterized by elevated atmospheric pCO₂, sealevel highstand, and expansion of oxygen minimum zone. Since the pioneering work in the 1970s, numerous studies have investigated the cause and consequences of the event based on geochemical and isotope proxies, and it is now widely accepted that the enhanced primary production and volcanism during the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval were the key environmental factors that triggered OAE2. This study briefly reviews previous OAE2 studies of the carbon, sulfur, and trace metal cycles for mechanistic understanding of the biogeochemical processes during the event.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.973-978
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• 2023

This study determined the mechanisms of selection of companion plants that will increase natural enemies and compared and analyzed the effect of suppression of pest density and changes in pest and natural enemy density and spatial distribution, aiming to select suitable companion plants to control major pests that are problematic in organic tomato facility cultivation. As a result of the companion plant selection, 13.5 days were identified in the area with daily flowers among five species of flowering plants. In the experiment to determine the timing of natural enemies, the best results were found in the treatment group introduced two weeks before the pest occurred. As a result of the actual package test, farmers could see that the density of greenhouse pollen decreased significantly (100-500% for adults and 11-67% for larvae compared to no treatment) in the treatment with companion plants. Based on the results of this study, we expect that ecological pest management using companion plants that attract natural enemies will help to increase biodiversity through vegetation management, secure the safe production of organic products and improve the sustainability of agriculture.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.279-294
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• 2024

Agriculture has played a significant role in the national economy, contributing to food security, driving economic growth, and safeguarding the dietary habits of the population. Korean agriculture has been compelled to focus on intensive farming due to its limited cultivation area, excessive input costs, and the limitations of agricultural mechanization. In the Republic of Korea (R.O.K), the concept of environmentally friendly animal agriculture began to be introduced in the early 2000s. This concept ultimately aims to cultivate sustainable animal agriculture (SAA) through environmentally friendly production practices, ensuring the healthy rearing of animals to supply safe animal products. Despite the government's efforts, there are still significant challenges in implementing environmentally friendly agriculture and SAA in the R.O.K. Therefore, the objective of this review is to establish the direction that the animal agriculture sector should take in the era of climate crisis, and to develop effective strategies for SAA tailored to the current situation in the R.O.K by examining the trends in SAA in the U.S. The animal agriculture sector in the U.S. has been working towards creating a SAA system where humans, animals, and the environment can coexist through government initiatives, industry research, technological support, and individual efforts. Efforts have been made to reduce emissions like carbon, and improve factors affecting the environment such as the carbon footprint, odor, and greenhouse gases associated with animal agriculture processes for animals such as cattle and pigs. The transition of the U.S. towards SAA appears to be driven by both external goals related to addressing climate change and the primary objectives of responding to the demand for safe animal products, expanding consumption, and securing competitiveness in overseas export markets. The demand for animal welfare, organic animal products, and processed goods has been increasing in the U.S. consumer market. A major factor in the transformation of the U.S. animal agriculture sector in terms of livestock specifications is attributed to environmentally friendly practices such as high-quality feed, heat stress reduction, improvements in reproductive ability and growth period reduction, and efforts in animal genetic enhancement.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.645-662
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• 2024

Climate change, driven by the natural process of global warming, is a worldwide issue of significant concern because of its adverse effects on livestock output. The increasing trend of environmental temperature surging has drastically affected meat production and meat product quality, hence result in economic losses for the worldwide livestock business. Due to the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, the situation would get prolonged, and heat exposure-related stress is expected to worsen. Heat exposure causes metabolic and physiological disruptions in livestock. Ruminants and monogastric animals are very sensitive to heat stress due to their rate of metabolism, development, and higher production levels. Before slaughter, intense hot weather triggers muscle glycogen breakdown, producing pale, mushy, and exudative meat with less water-holding capacity. Animals exposed to prolonged high temperatures experience a decrease in their muscle glycogen reserves, producing dry, dark, and complex meat with elevated final pH and increased water-holding capacity. Furthermore, heat stress also causes oxidative stresses, especially secondary metabolites from lipid oxidation, severely affects the functionality of proteins, oxidation of proteins, decreasing shelf life, and food safety by promoting exfoliation and bacterial growth. Addressing the heat-related issues to retain the sustainability of the meat sector is an essential task that deserves an inclusive and comprehensive approach. Considering the intensity of the heat stress effects, this review has been designed primarily to examine the consequences of hot environment temperatures and related stresses on the quality and safety of meat and secondarily focus on cutting edge technology to reduce or alleviate the situational impact.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2015

Over the past decade, clubroot has emerged as a major constraint to canola (Brassica napus) production in central Alberta, Canada. The number of fields with confirmed P. brassicae infestations in Alberta has increased steadily from 12 in 2003 to nearly 2,000 in 2014. Management of clubroot on canola has focused on sanitization of field equipment, soil amendments to reduce viable pathogen populations, long rotations out of susceptible crops and cropping of resistant cultivars. Clubroot resistance is the most effective and economical method of disease mitigation, but the recent identification of isolated P. brassicae populations with novel virulence phenotypes capable of overcoming resistance in most canola cultivars highlights the variable nature and adaptability of the pathogen. Recent studies have shown slight reductions in pathogen populations through crop rotations, but much more substantial reductions in spore populations in heavily infested areas near field entrances using fumigants such as Vapam (metam-sodium) or Basamid (dazomet). Greenhouse trials showed that seedling emergence, plant height and root weight increased, while primary and secondary infection and disease severity decreased with increased Basamid dosage. However, field trials showed some phytotoxicity. Application of Vapam at rates of 0.4 to $1.6mL\;L^{-1}$ soil resulted in 12-16 fold reductions in clubroot severity and primary and secondary infection. Vapam also was effective in reducing clubroot severity and improving canola seed yield under field conditions. These studies underscore the need for good resistance stewardship and for the integration of multiple products and practices for successful management of clubroot on canola.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.153-153
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• 2010

The world is moving towards a post-carbon society and needs clean and renewable energy for sustainable development. There are many methodological approaches which are helping this shift based on analyzed data about energy resources and which focus on limited types of energy including liquid fossil, solid fossil, gaseous fossil, and biomass (e.g. IPCC Guidelines, ISO 14064-1, WRI Protocol, etc.). We should also consider environmental impact (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions, water use, etc.) and the economic cost of the renewable energy to make a better decision. Recently, researchers have addressed the environmental impact of new technologies which include photovoltaics, wind turbines, hydroelectric power, and biofuel. In this work, we analyze the environmental impact with a carbon emission factor to present a correlation between $CO_2$ emission and the cost of energy resources standardized by the energy output. In addition, we reviewed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as another methodology. Researchers who are studying energy systems have ignored the impacts of entire energy systems, e.g. the extraction and processing of fossil fuels. In power sector, the assessment should include extraction, processing, and transportation of fuels, building of power plants, production of electricity, and waste disposal. Therefore LCA could be more suitable tool for energy cost and environmental impact estimation.