• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.230-235
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• 2011

Roasted and retorted (RR) chestnuts develop green pigment spots on their surface during storage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the green pigment using RAW 264.7, MOLT-4, KATOIII and HT-29 cells. The pigment scraped from RR chestnuts (GP), whole RR chestnuts with green pigment spots (GC), whole RR chestnuts without green pigment (WC) and roasted and frozen stored chestnuts (FC) were extracted in 10% DMSO. MOLT-4 cells were less resistant to the cytotoxicity of the chestnut extracts than the RAW 264.7 cells. The GP extracts did not show different responses against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress and LPS-induced NO production compared to the other extracts. The chestnut extracts did not have proliferative activity on either of the KATOIII or HT-29 cells (p>0.05). Our results from the comparison of the green pigment produced on the surface of the RR chestnuts to chestnuts that do not develop the green pigment suggest that the pigment may not be harmful in terms of either cytotoxicity towards immune cells or proliferation of gastrointestinal cancer cells.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.838-843
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• 2006

The chemical processes involved in the formation of green pigment in crushed garlic cloves were investigated based on the principle of pink pigmentation in macerated onions. Intact greening and non-greening garlic cloves were either left untreated or heated at $90^{\circ}C$ for 3 min to inactivate enzyme activities. First, a colorless ether soluble compound referred to as color developer reacted with glycine (among all free amino acids) in garlic to form a second compound insoluble in ether. The latter compound then reacted with formaldehyde to yield the green colored pigment. Alliinase activity was necessary for the production of color developer and for the development of green pigment. In greening garlic that had been heat treated, green pigmentation did not proceed due to the heat-inactivation of alliinase, but the addition of alliinase solution into the garlic homogenates restored the pigmentation. However, this phenomenon was not observed in non-greening garlic with or without heat treatment. Finally, the mechanism of green pigment formation in crushed garlicis similar to that of pink pigment formation in macerated onions.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.20
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• pp.121-137
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• 1999

Among pigment used at work of Dan-Chung, Emerald Green is specific illuminating fluorescent light of green. It is very difficult to change other organic or inorganic pigment. All of the internal high class pigment has rare light. But Emerald Green is superior to fresh color and stability out of industrial chemical products. It forms over 50% of quantity and importance of a pattern painting. Emerald Green prohibited to produce because of its toxicpollutants, so required to changing pigment development. It is characterized to excellent color, convenient work, economical, against-sunlight, against-air pollutant and durability. The result of a test is follows; 1. We are investigated into producing internal natural Emerald Green, import external pigment and industrial synthesis method etc. but unable to buy because of its toxic pollutant. 2. We are made six samples by yellowish and green is hpigment mixing. We tested on against sunlight and air pollutant. The best mixing ratio is follows. Titanium Dioxide R760 : 18g- Chalk, White Wash : 10g- Permanent Yellow : 7g- Cyanine Green : 8g- Chrome Yellow : 3g- Resin(Vehicle) : Acryl Emulsion(Styrene + 2-Ethyl HexylAcrylate + Methyl Meth Acrylate) 8%

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.106-109
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• 1999

Storage stability of the blue-green pigment, which was converted from Gardenia jasminoides yellow pigment by Staphylococcus epidermides and Gardenia jasminoides yellow pigment, were investigated at various conditions of light, temperature, inorganic ion and pH, The factors that cause the discoloration were light and temperature $(above\;40^{\circ}C)$. The effects of light and temperature on storage stability of blue-green pigment were less than those of Gardenia jasminoides yellow pigment. Also, the effect of light was decreased by using green filter. There were no significant effects of pH and inorganic ion on both pigments.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.26
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• pp.165-188
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• 2005

From the ancient to these days, there have been used many kinds of pigment which have two types that are inorganic pigment and organic pigment. At the ancient times, natural pigment had been used but the artificially mixed pigment has been used in modern times. By the way, searching for studies has been studied recently, it would be said the ancient pigments such as Danchung, Wall painting and Mural painting are the mainthema. However, studies about the pigments used in modern pictured relics have rarely can be found. Therefore, this analysis of Ilweolokdo would be important at the point of the pigments used in pictures of royal family in modern times and the results can be briefly summarized as below; Firstly, the results of qualitative analysis of the pigments that base or all pigments of picture was detected components of Ca, Fe and As, this results meaning that picture was used filler and basic paint. Secondly, a result of the analysis on the composition elements of the pigments shows that the main components in their composition are ;White - Lead Cyanamide($2PbCO_3$.$Pb(OH)_2$) or Titanium Oxide($TiO_2$)Blue - Ultramarine($2(Na_2O$.$Al_2O_3$ .$2Si_O2$).$Na_2S_2$)Green - Emerald green($C_2H_3A_s3Cu_2O_8$)Gold - Gold(Au), Red-Red Lead($Pb_3O_4$) or Cinnabar(HgS)Black - Carbon(C)Thirdly, X-ray diffraction analysis of crystalline structure for the blue and green pigment peeling off in picture shows that the components of blue pigment is Ultramarine($2(Na_2O$.$Al_2O_3$ .$2Si_O2$).$Na_2S_2$) and green pigment is Emerald green($C_2H_3A_s3Cu_2O_8$). Especially, microcrystalline structure of the green pigment was the shape like a cross section of wood. Consequently, we knew through the analysis of qualitative and microcrystallinestructures seen on the cross section of analyzed pigments layer that the all pigments used in the Ilweoloakdo is possible to use synthetic pigments in modern.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.21
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• pp.119-143
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• 2000

The pigments composition and structure of the mural painting at Pongjongsa Kuknakjon is discussed. The structure of inner wall is consisited of Paint layer, Ground divided two layers of yellow and white pigments, Support. In case of outer wall, it is consisted of Paint layer, Ground divided three layers of yellow and green pigments, a layer mixed green pigments and paint layer, Support. As a result of compositon analysis of mural painting pigments at Pongjongsa Kuknakjon using Micro-area X-ray diffraction system, the red pigment on inner wall is consisted of Heamatite($Fe_2O_3$), Magnetite($Fe_3O_4$)of deep black pigment, and Chalcocite($Cu_2S$) of light black pigment. The white pigment on outer wall is consisted of Anglesite($PbSO_4$) and Atacamite($Cu_2CI(OH)_3$) of green pigment. We found out that natural pigments painted in the mural painting at Pongjongsa Kuknakjon has kept up its own color for a long time due to using the natural pigment not to artificial synthetic pigment.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2014

The purpose of the present study is to determine the species of red and green pigments used on paintings of Korean temples and also to compare the two pigments according to the particle characteristics. The component analysis shows that the red pigment consists of cinnabar, hematite, and minium and the green pigment are composed of atacamite, celadonite, and malachite. The result suggests that mixture of various pigments were applied to the painting. When it comes to the particle characteristics, there are various hedral or anhedral shapes such as sharp, long, angular, and platy shapes even in the same cinnabar. In addition, the green pigment also shows a similar pattern with those of the red pigment. Up to now, an identification of minerals has been relied on examination of component and crystal shape. However, it is notable that using form related characteristics can be a better and useful method not only for categorization of pigments which are similar in terms of color and species but also specific index.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1975

This study was conducted to research the formation, color development and application for colored glazes of the spinel solid solutions of the green pigment. On specimens prepared by calcining the oxide and basic carbonate mixture at 1250℃ for 1.5 hour, the x-ray analysis, measurement of reflectance and the test of their stabiality as a glaze pigment were carried out. The results are summarized as follows 1) Each sample is composed of single spinel and not of mixture of spinel. 2) Formation of continuous soild solution, except for a few instances, pertaining to Vegard's law was confirmed by means of the x-ray analysis. 3) The more difference between absorption and reflectance lies, the lighter colors are. When the absorption occurs at the high-reflectance, the excitation purity becomes low. On the contrary when the absorption takes place at the low-reflectance, the excitation purity becomes low. On the contrary when the absorption takes place at the low-reflectance, the excitation purity is higher. 4) Colors obtained in the CdO-MgO-Cr2O3-Al2O3 system, as the amounts of Al3+ increased, change from green through brown to pink, and the absorption peak shifts towards violet region. 5) An increase in Co2+ in the CoO-MgO-Cr2O3-Al2O3 system, changes the color from blue green to dark blue. The excitation purity is higher, and the absorption peak shifts toward regions. 6) Colors are green in the NiO-MgO-Cr2O3 and CdO-MgO-Cr2O3 systems in general, but in the ZnO-MgO-Cr2O3 system brillant hue is not obtained. 70 According to the results of the colored glaze test, the spinels turn outto be stable as brilliant glaze pigment in the calcium-magnesia glaze.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.22
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• pp.93-114
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• 2001

The composition analysis of Danchung pigments at Geunjeongjeon Hall in Gyeongbokgung Palace were carried out by FXRF and MXRD. The analytical result of the inside pigments at Geunjeongjeon showed that these painted in use the mineral pigments. Gold pigment was pure gold(Au).The main composition identified in green pigments were chalcanthite($CuSO_4$.$5H_2O$) and celadonite($K(Mg, Fe, Al)_2$.$(Si, Al)_4O_10(OH)_2$ ). Red pigments werecinnnabar(HgS).The analytical result of the outside pigments at Geunjeongjeon revealed that these applied to the artificial synthetic pigment. Yellow pigment was chromeyellow($PbCrO_4$). The main composition identified in red pigments were red lead($Pb_3O_4$)and hematite($Fe_2O_3$). Green pigments were emeral green($C_2H_3A_s3Cu_2O_8$) and chromegreen($Cr_2O_3$). Blue pigment was lazurite($Na_6Ca2Al_6Si_6O_24(SO_4)_2$), titanium dioxide($TiO_2$) of white pigment.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.295-301
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• 1998

Since the end of the Pliocene, ancestral strains of Astyanax fasciatus have been accidently washed into different caves at the time of flooding and have lost their eyes and body pigments. Availability of this independently derived cave fish and their ancestral form within a single species provided a unique opportunity for studying the process of molecular evolution of the visual pigment gene. The nucleotide sequence comparisons of an ancestral river fish and two cave fish showed that nucleotide polymorphism of a green-like visual pigment gene between the eyed and blind form of A. fasciatus was much higher than that between the same blind form. Considering the number of nucleotide substitutions per nucleotide site and the direction of the nucleotide substitutions, more nucleotide substituions between the different forms of fish rater than the same one were probably due to more frequent mutations in the eyed river form. Nucleotide substitutions per site at the intron have been ocurred more than three times faster than those at the exon. This result indicates that the functional constraint has affected the green-like visual pigment gene of the blind cave fish although its eye sight is no longer required.