• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.95.2-96
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• 2003

In order to develop a new microbial fungicide for the control of vegetable diseases using endophytic bacteria, a total of 260 bacterial strains were isolated from fresh tissues of 5 plant species. After they were cultured in broth media, their antifungal activities were screened by in vivo bioassays against Botrytis cinerea(tomato gray mold), Pythium ultimum(cucumber damping-off), Phytopkhora infestans(tomato late blight), Colletotrichum orbiculare(cucumber anthracnose), and Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei(barley powdery mildew). As the results of screening, 38 bacterial strains showed potent antifungal activities against at least one of 5 plant pathogens. A bacterial strain EB072 displayed potent disease control activities against 3 plant diseases. Among the bacterial strains with a potent antifungal activity against cucunlber anthracnose, three bacterial strains, EB054, EB151 and EB215, also displayed a potent in vitro antifungal activity against C. acutatum, a fungal agent causing pepper anthracnose. A bacterial strain EB215 obtained from roots of cucumber was identified as Burkholderia cepacia based on its physiological and biochemical characteristics and 165 rRNA gene sequence. An antifungal substance was isolated from the liquid cultures of B. cepacia EB215 strain by ethyl acetate partitioning, repeated silica gel column chromatography, and invitro bioassay, Its structural determination is in progress by various instrumental analyses.

• 식물병연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.90-93
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• 2010

경남 고성군 자운영 재배포장에서 잎과 줄기가 수침상으로 무르고 썩으며, 시들어 말라 죽고 병든 부분에 흰색의 곰팡이와 균핵이 발생하였다. 감자한천배지 상에서 균총은 연한 회색이며 균핵의 모양은 구형이고 검은색으로 크기는 $2{\sim}14{\times}2{\sim}7mm$이었다. 균사 생육적온과 균핵 형성은 $20^{\circ}C$이었다. 자낭반은 구형 또는 원반 모양이며 크기는 3~8 mm이었다. 자낭은 원통형이고 크기는 $145{\sim}210{\times}10{\sim}12{\mu}m$이었다. 이상과 같이 자운영에 발생한 병징, 병원균의 균학적 특징 및 병원성 검정한 결과 Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriksson에 의한 자운영 균핵병으로 동정하였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.210-216
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• 2014

The average and maximum temperature were $29.5^{\circ}C$ and $33.2^{\circ}C$ at 2:00 p.m. respectively, in the plastic-film house covered with shade net, and both of temperature were lower $0.6^{\circ}C$ and $1.3^{\circ}C$ than those of conventional shade. Light transmittance was 14% in the plastic-film house, while 9.9% in conventional shade during growing season from May to October. Withering time of aboveground part was on October 3rd in conventional shade with 60% of withering leaf, while it was on November 10th with 3.7% of withering leaf in the plastic-film house, about 40 days longer survival. The main disease incidence were 15% of anthracnose, 17% of leaf spot, 5% of phytophthora blight and 3% of gray mold in the conventional shade, while 0 ~ 0.1% disease incidence and 95% of emergence rate in the plastic-film house. The growth in the aboveground and underground part of ginseng was totally better, particularly characteristics affecting yield such as root length, main root length and diameter in the plastic-film house. The fresh weight was increased by 128% compared to the conventional shade and harvested roots per $3.3m^2$ were 36 roots in the conventional shade and 58 roots in the plastic-film house and futhermore yield per $3.3m^2$ was increased by 216% compared to the conventional shade. As covering materials, the rice straw in the plastic-film house was excellent. The ginsenoside contents affecting the quality of ginseng were higher in the plastic-film house indicating 0.333% of Rg1, 0.672% of Rb1, 0.730% of Rc and rate of red rusty root was less than 4.0 ~ 6.1%. Above the results, the quality of ginseng grown in the plastic-film house covered with shade net was improved than that of the conventional shade.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.80-84
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• 1997

일련의 새로이 합성된 chira핀 N-치환 benzotriazol-1-yl유도체들의 구조와 잿빛 곰광이균(Botrytis cinerea), 배 검은 무늬병균(Alternaria kikchiana) 및 고추 역병균(Phytophthora capsici) 등 3종의 곰광이균류에 대한 항균활성에 미치는 치환기의 효과를 검토한 결과, 전자끌게(${\sigma}_I$,Y>0)로써 phenoxy 또는 thiophenoxy group(X) 보다는 alkyl또는 phenyl group(Y)이 더 큰 영향을 미쳤으며 phenoxy-치환체, 1이 thiophenoxy-치환체, 2보다 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. 항균활성에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 소수성(${\Sigma}logP$)과 유도효과(${\sigma}_I$,Y) 및 Van der Waals(${\Sigma}Vw$) 체적(${\AA}^3$) 등 이었으며 chiral성은 활성개선에 기여하지 못하였으나 tribromomethyl-치환체, 1g는 제일 큰 활성을 나타내는 화합물이었다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.223-227
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• 2007

지의류는 곰팡이와 광합성을 하는 조류 또는 남조류의 공생체로서 토양, 바위, 나무 등에 아주 널리 분포하는 진핵생명체다. 지의류형성곰팡이는 흔히 죽은 나무나 죽어가는 나무 위에서 부착하여 증식하지만 나무를 직접적으로 죽이지는 않는다. 전남 순천시 매실나무 과수원 포장에 있는 매실나무 수피에 엽상체 지의류 Parmotrema autrosinense를 포함한 몇 가지 가상체 지의류가 심하게 증식하고 있었다. 이러한 지의류 조합의 증식으로 매실나무는 회색으로 흉하게 보이고 정상적인 생장이 억제되었으며, 심각하게 영향을 받은 매실나무 가지의 수피에서 지의체를 제거하지 않으면 낙엽이 지고 가지가 말라 죽었다. 매실나무 수피에 있는 지의체를 제거해주면 매실나무 가지들은 수세를 회복하였으며, 지의체를 제거한 후에 $Twin^{(R)}$ 20 또는 톱신페스트를 발라주면 더욱 수세가 왕성해졌다. 따라서 매실나무에 몇 가지 지의류 조합의 정착 및 증식에 의해 발생하는 낙엽과 가지마름 증상을 '매실나무 지의류병(lichen disease)'이라고 명명할 것을 제안한다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 1999

일련의 N-phenyl-O-phenylthionocarbamate 유도체을 합성하고, benomyl 및 metalaxyl 등 2종의 침투성 살균제에 대하여 저항성과 감수성을 나타내는 잿빛곰팡이병균(Botrytis cinerea) 및 고추 역병균(Phytophthora capsici)에 대한 항균활성(obs. $pI_{50}$)과 치환기 변화에 따른 구조-활성관계(SAR)를 Free-Wilson방법과 Hansch방법으로 검토하였다. 치환기의 기여도는 O-phenyl group (Y)보다 N-phenyl group(X)이 비교적 높았으며 ortho-치환체(X)들이 다른 치환체들에 비해 양호한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 특히 X-치환기로써 4-cyano 치환체, 2는 0.8ppm에서 저항성 고추역병균(RPC)에 대한 균사생장을 50%저해($pI_{50}=5.50$)하였으며 hydroxyl 치환체, 12와 23는 저항성 및 감수성 잿빛 곰팡이균(RBC, SBC)과 감수성 고추역병균(SPC)에 대하여 대체로 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. SPC균은 MR상수에 의존적인 항균활성을 나타내었고 나머지 3종의 균에 대한 항균활성은 공통적으로 소수성(${\pi}$ 및 logP)에 의존적이었다. 그리고 RPC 및 SBC균의 항균활성을 향상시키기 위한 조건으로는 전자끌게로써 적정값의 ${\sigma}$상수(${\sigma}_{opt.}=0.32$) 및 F상수($F_{opt.}=0.181$)를 갖는 치환기가 치환되어야 항균활성이 개선될 것으로 예상되었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.321-324
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• 2004

왕겨를 가연성 담체로 하는 새로운 훈연제의 실용적 가치를 평가하기 위하여 살충제와 살균제를 포함하는 7종의 봉상 훈연제를 제제하고 연소성을 측정하여 시판 중인 과립훈연제와 비교하였다. 오이를 재배 중인 연동하우스에서 fenarimol 과립훈연제를 처리하고 유효성분 분포를 조사하여 농약 처리의 균일성을 검증하였다. 또한 오이 노균병과 토마토 역병에 대한 예방 효과를 측정하여 수화제와 비교하였다. 왕겨를 가연성 담체로 하고 산화제로 염소산나트륨을 첨가한 봉상 훈연제는 여러 가지 농약에 대하여 높은 훈연율을 나타내었으며, 모두 시판되고 있는 과립훈연제보다 더 높았다. 오이를 재배하고 있는 연동하우스$(1,000\;m^2)$의 5곳에 fenarimol 과립훈연제를 처리하고 조사한 9개 지점의 지표면에서는 $26.2{\pm}7.7\;ng/cm^2$의 유효성분이 검출되었으며, 비교적 균일한 분포를 나타내었다. 또한 살균제 농약을 함유하는 봉상 훈연제는 오이 노균병과 토마토 역병에 대한 예방 효과가 시판되고 있는 수화제와 동등하고 약해 유발이 없어서 농약 제형으로 손색이 없었다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.45-45
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• 2019

This experiment was carried out using artificial clay and LED in the plastic film house (irradiation time: 08:00~18:00/day). Seedlings (n = 63 per $3.3m^2$) of ginseng was planted on May 17, 2018. LED was combined with red and blue light in a 3:1 ratio and irradiated with different light intensity. The average air temperature from April to September was $12.3^{\circ}C$ $-26.0^{\circ}C$ and it was the the highest at $26.0^{\circ}C$ in August. The test area where fluorescent lamp was irradiated tended to be somewhat higher than the LED irradiation area. The chemical properties of the test soil are as follows. pH levels was 5.3~5.5, EC levels 0.45~0.52 dS/m and OM levels 33~37%. The total nitrogen content was 0.35~0.47% and the available $P_2O_5$ contents was 13.7~16.0 mg/kg, which was lower than the suitable level of 70~200 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations K and Mg contents were within acceptable ranges, but the Ca contents was $28{\sim}38cmol^+/kg$ levels higher than the permissible level ($2{\sim}6cmol^+/kg$). Germination of ginseng leaves took 8~9 days and the overall germination rate was 70~75%. The photometric characteristics of LED light intensity are as follows. The greater the light intensity, the higher the PAR (Photosynthetic Action Radiation) value, illuminance and solar irradiation. Photosynthetic rate was also increased with higher light intensity was investigated at $1.7{\sim}3.2{\mu}mol\;CO_2/m^2/s$. Leaf temperature ($23.7{\sim}24.8^{\circ}C$) by light intensity was the same trend. The growth of aerial parts (plant height etc.) were generally excellent when irradiated with 3 times the light intensity, the growth of the ginseng aerial parts were excellent as follows. The plant height was 42.6 cm, stem length was 25.2 cm, leaf length was 9.6 cm and stem diameter was 5.0 mm. The growth of underground part (root length etc.) was the same, and the root length was 24.4 cm, the tap root length was 6.0 cm, diameter of taproot was 18.2 mm and the fresh root weight was 17.2 g. There were no disease incidence such as Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Anthracnose. Disease of Damping off occurred 2.2~3.6% and incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 14.6~20.7%. Leaf discoloration rate was 13.7~48.9% and increased with increasing light intensity. Ginsenoside content of ginseng by light intensity is under analysis.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2020년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.61-61
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• 2020

This experiment was carried out using artificial bed soil and LED in the plastic film house(irradiation time: 07:00-17:00/day). Seedlings(n=63 per 3.3 m²) of ginseng was planted on May 17, 2018. LED was combined with red and blue light in a 3:1 ratio and irradiated with different light intensity(40-160 µmol/m²/s). Average air temperature from April to September according to the light intensity test was 20.4℃-20.9℃. Average artificial bed soil temperature was 20.1℃-21.7℃. The test area where fluorescent lamp was irradiated tended to be somewhat lower than the LED irradiation area. The chemical properties of the test soil was as follows. pH levels was 6.6-6.7, EC levels 0.9-1.3 dS/m and OM levels 30.6-32.0%. The available P₂O₅ contents was 73.3-302.3 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations K and Ca contents were higher than the allowable ranges and mg content was high in the fluorescent lamp treatment. The photometric characteristics of LED light intensity are as follows. The greater the light intensity, the higher the PPFD(Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density) value, illuminance and solar irradiation. Fluorescent lamp treatment had high illuminance value, but PPFD and solar irradiation were lower than LED intensity 40 µmol/m²/s treatment. The photosynthetic rate increased(2.0-3.8 µmolCO²/m²/s) as the amount of light intensity increased, peaking at 120 µmol/m²/s, and then decreasing. The SPAD (chlorophyll content) value decreased as the amount of light intensity increased, and was the highest at 36.1 in fluorescent lamp treatment. Ginseng germination started on April 5 and took 14-17 days to germinate. The overall germination rate was 68.8-73.6%. The growth of aerial parts(plant height etc.) were generally excellent in the treatment of light intensity of 120-160 µmol/m²/s. The plant height was 41.9 cm, stem length was 24.1 cm, leaf length was 9.8 cm and stem diameter was 5.6 mm. The growth of underground part (root length etc.) was the best in the treatment with 120 µmol/m²/s of light intensity. Due to the root length was long(24.8 cm) and diameter of taproot was thick(18.7 mm), the fresh root weight was the heaviest at 24.8 g. There were no disease incidence such as Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Anthracnose. Disease of Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani occurred 0.6-1.5% and incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 30.8-62.3%. It is believed that the reason for the high incidence of rusty root ginseng is that the amount of field moisture capacity of artificial bed soil is larger than the soil. Leaf discoloration rate was 13.7-32.3%.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2020년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.62-62
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• 2020

Ginseng is a shade-plant cultivated using shading facilities. However, at too low light levels, root growth is poor, and at high light levels, the destruction of chlorophyll reduces the photosynthesis efficiency due to leaf burn and early fall leaves. The ginseng has a lightsaturation point of 12,000~15,000 lux when grown at 15 to 20℃ and 9,500 lux at 25℃. This study was conducted to select the optimal light intensity of 3-year-old ginseng grown in blue-white film plastic house. The seeds were planted in the blue-white film plastic house with different light receiving rate (March 17, 2020). Between April and September, the average air temperature in the house was 20.4-20.7℃. Average soil temperature was 18.3℃-18.5℃. The chemical properties of the test soil was as follows. The pH level was 7.0-7.4, EC was 0.5-0.6 dS/m, OM was at the levels of 33.6-37.7 g/kg, P₂O₅ was 513.0-590.8 mg/kg, slightly higher than the allowable 400 mg/kg. The amount of light intensity, illuminance, and solar radiation in the blue-white film house was increased as the light-receiving rate increased and the amount of light intensity was found to be 9-14% compared to the open field, 8-13% illuminance and 9-14% solar irradiation respectively. The photosynthesis rate was the lowest at 3.1 µmolCO²/m²/s in the 9% light blue-white plastic house and 4.2 and 4.0 µmolCO²/m²/s in the 12% and 14% light blue-white plastic house, respectively. These results generally indicate that the photosynthesis of plants increases with the amount of light, but the ginseng has a lower light saturation point at high temperatures, and the higher the amount of light, the lower the photosynthetic efficiency. The SPAD (chlorophyll content) value decreased as the increase of light-receiving rate, and was the highest at 32.7 in 9% light blue-white plastic house. Ginseng germination started on April 11 and took 13-15 days to germinate. The overall germination rate was 82.9-85.8%. The plant height and length of stem were long in the 9% light-receiving plastic house. The diameter of stem was thick in the 12-14% light-receiving plastic house. In the 12% and 14% light-receiving plastic house, the length and diameter of taproot was long and thick, so the fresh weight of root per plant was 20 g or more, which was heavier than 16.9 g of the 9% light-receiving plastic house. The disease incidence (Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Damping-off etc.) rate were 0.9-2.7%. The incidence of Sclerotinia rot disease was 7.5-8.4%, and root rot was 0-20.0%. The incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 34.4-38.7% level, which was an increase from the previous year's 15% level.