• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.151-165
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between child-mother 'goodness-of-fit', mothers' empathy and parenting stress. A sample of 324 mothers of 5th graders in the Seoul Metropolitan area participated in this study. Mothers answered questionnaires on the levels of their parenting stress, empathy and child-mother 'goodness-of-fit'. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients, as well as multiple and hierarchical regressions. Child-mother 'goodness-of-fit', as well as mothers' empathy was a predictor for parenting stress; significant interaction effects were found between child-mother 'goodness-of-fit' and the mothers' empathy on parenting stress. These results indicate the need for possible intervention in relation to mothers' empathy levels and to reduce parenting stress.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to identify the relationship between goodness-of-fit for mother-preschool child dyads and parenting stress experienced by the mother. Methods: Study participants were 500 mothers who had children aged 3 to 5 who attended one of ten kindergartens or infant schools in M City or B City. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated using the SPSS program. Results: Comparison of goodness-of-fit scores for mother-preschool child dyad according to the characteristics of the participants, showed a significant difference according to child's age, gender, and birth order, mother's education and occupation, father's age and education, family income, and the chief caregiver in the family. There was a positive correlation between goodness-of-fit scores for mother-child dyad and parenting stress scores for mothers. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate a need to identify differences between children's behavioral problems and parenting styles according to the degree of discord in the mother-child temperaments. It is also necessary to develop and apply nursing programs to promote harmonizing of temperaments, programs in which the characteristics of the child and the mother are considered.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.29-41
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• 2004

The patterns of mother-child personality match were investigated in the study. Further, the impact of goodness-of-fit between mother′s and child′s personality on maternal childrearing behaviors, child′s self-esteem, and child′s emotional intelligence was explored. The participants of this study were 1,060 fifth graders and their mothers from four different cities(Seoul. Suwon, Daejon, and Daegu). Six patterns of mother-child personality match were derived through cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. The most harmonious pattern in which maternal childrearing behavior was positive and child′s self-esteem and emotional intelligence were high appeared between mothers and children with high "stability" and "superiority" The least harmonious pattern was shown for the mothers with low "responsibility" and "reflectiveness" and high "dominance′and "sociability", and the children with low "stability" and "superiority".

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.159-173
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• 2018

Objective: The main purpose of this study was examine the relationships among goodness of fit between mother and child, child's self-esteem and quality of home environment. Also, the moderating effects of quality of home environment among preschoolers were investigated in the relation of interest in this study. Methods: The study subjects were 195 children who attended preschools, located in Seoul. The preschoolers' self-esteem was tested by the trained researcher, and both of levels of goodness of fit between the mother-child and quality of home environment were rated by the mothers of this study. Results: The main results of this study found that levels of preschoolers' self-esteem were positively related to goodness of fit between the mother-child, and quality of home environment. Furthermore, the effects of goodness of fit between mother-child on preschoolers' cognitive, physical, and emotional self-esteem were moderated by the quality of home environment. Conclusion/Implications: Along with those findings, implications for research and practice were discussed.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.11-19
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• 2013

Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify the importance of goodness of fit in mother-child temperamental interaction (MCTI) and the child problem behaviors. Methods The behavior problem of 180 child outpatients from traditional Korean medical clinic was measured with Korean version of Child Behavior Checklists, and the temperament of child and their mother was measured with Junior Temperament and Character Inventory and Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised-Short. The MCTI was calculated as the difference of the temperament score between mother and child. The correlation and linear regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of temperament on Child Behavior Checklists. Results The MCTI on Harm-Avoidance was the significant factor for explaining the internalizing problem (B=-.154, t=-10.130, p<.001), externalizing problem (B=-.045, t=-3.340, p=.001) and total problem (B=-.298, t=-7.574, p<.001). We also confirmed that the temperament of mother and child significantly correlated with the child behavior problems as provided previously. Conclusions These results showed that the temperament interaction between mother and child is an important factor for predicting problem behaviors in child clinical sample. The goodness of fit in MCTI and problem behavior should be considered as pivotal element in traditional Korean pediatrics.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.245-258
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between mother's parenting stress and child's temperament, mother's temperament, and poorness-of-fit. The subjects were 236 mothers of 4- to 6-year-old children in Seoul. Data was analyzed by correlation, analysis of variance, and stepwise regression analysis. Results showed that most poorness-of-fit of emotionality was due child's high-mother's high (CH-MH) and high-low (CH-ML) combination. Most poorness-of-fit (activity as well as sociability) was associated with child's low-mother's low (CL-ML) and low-high (CL-MH) combination. Mothers who had a highly emotional child and who were in poorness-of-fit emotionality perceived more hassles and more intensive daily parenting stress. It was also found that the most significant variable predicting mother's hassles and daily stress intensity was poorness-of-fit of emotionality, followed by mother's emotionality.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.229-242
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• 2009

This study investigates how bioecological variables affect the child's multiple intelligence through independent and interactional ways. The subjects of this study were 147 pairs of 5-year-old children and their mothers, and the Project Spectrum was employed to measure multiple intelligences. Each mothers was asked to answer a questionnaire on her child's temperament, her maternal parenting style, 'goodness of fit' and 'the fit of child's intelligence'. Data were analyzed using a factor analysis and a hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS WIN 15.0. The main findings were as followings; First, 'the goodness of fit' to the child's temperament moderated the effect of a maternal parenting style that would foster child's dependency on the mathematical intelligence through interaction. 'The fit of child's intelligence' also moderated the effect of maternal positive parenting style to the child's mathematical intelligence. Second, in language intelligence, girls were more verbally intelligent than boys. In that regard, because the sex variable entails a combination of both inherent attribute and social-cultural effects, that result can be interpreted as an interaction between the individual and the environment. Lastly, a maternal parenting style that would foster child's dependency moderated the effect of the child's regular temperament on interpersonal intelligence. This means that the child's regular temperament can be a protective factor for the negative effect of a maternal parenting style that would foster child's dependency This study suggests that interactional factors such as 'goodness of fit' should be considered in studies involving children.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.268-278
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to set up a hypothetical model to explain causal relationships among influential variables in the mother-child relationship for Korean infants and toddlers and their mothers. The research was based on Barnard's (1978) mother-child relations model, and goodness-of-fit was examined. Methods: The participants were 207 mothers with infants or toddlers. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS programs. Results: Regarding the influence of the variables on the mother-child relationship between infants and toddlers and their mothers, social support had a 75% explanation of mother-child relationships, and attachment had a 58% explanation of social support. Attachment had both direct and indirect effects on the mother-child relationships, and social support had direct and total effects on the mother-child relationships. Among child-related variables, child temperament had a moderating effect on the mother-child relationships. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the model has utility in developing effective nursing intervention methods to boost mother-child relationships between infants and toddlers and their mothers.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.149-161
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• 2020

This study showed that the association between grandmother-mother relationship and grandmother-grandchildren ties is mediated by the coparenting. Participants consisted of 329 grandmothers who were rearing preschool aged grandchildren in the Seoul and Gyeonggido area. SPSS 23.0 performed descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis. The structural equation model was estimated with AMOS 23.0. Parameters were estimated using the maximum likelihood method. Model fit index used the chi-square statistic, the goodness of fit index (GFI), the Turker-Lewis index (TLI), the comparative fit index (CFI), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). The mediation effect analysis followed a two-step verification process; direct and indirect effect. In addition, statistical significance of the indirect effect was examined using a bootstrapping procedure. The results are as follows. First, a positive correlation was found between the grandmother-mother relationship, grandmother-grandchildren ties, and coparenting. Second, the association between grandmother-mother relationship and grandmother-grandchildren ties is mediated by coparenting. The results of this study suggest that the quality of the grandmother's relationship with mothers and cooperative coparenting is important to building relationships with grandchildren. In addition, coparenting can be an important mechanism for grandmother-mother relationships and grandmother-grandchild ties. Based on the results of this study, we discussed ways to improve the grandmothers' relationship quality with the mother and strengthen parenting ability.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.25-42
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• 2014

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the variables as related to self-determination in preschoolers. In order to meet the purpose of this study preschoolers' self-determination, their playfulness, self-regulation, and self-esteem as well as goodness of fit between mother and child were taken into account as study variables of interest. Furthermore, the mediating effect of preschoolers' self-esteem in the effects of study variables on their self-esteem was examined. Three hundred thirty seven preschooler(aged 6-7 years old)-mother pairs who attended public subsidized child care facilities, located in Seoul and Gyeongi province were sampled. The data were obtained from mother-filled surveys, and on-site observations from both head teachers of the children as well as trained researchers. The obtained data were analyzed by using SPSS 21.0, and structural equation model (SEM) was tested with AMOS 21.0. The main results of this study were in the following. First, it was proven that self-determination of the preschoolers' influenced directly or indirectly on their self-esteem, their playfulness, and self-regulation, as well as goodness of mother-child fit. Also, the result pertaining to the mediational effects of child's self-esteem in the effects of study variables of interest on the child's self-determination were revealed. Along with results of this study, there is a strong need to empower the preschoolers' self-determination through improvement of their self-esteem in early childhood education and care as well as in family settings.