• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.206-210
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• 2005

Gonadogenesis is a complicated process which involves multi-gene interactions. A rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gene spermatogenesis associated 4 (SPATA4) was cloned and characterized from adult rainbow trout testis. The cDNA sequence of rainbow trout SPATA4 contains an open reading frame of 1, 081 nucleatides encoding a putative protein of 259 amino acids. The putative protein from rainbow trout shares a 76.8% homology with zebrafish SPATA4. No trans-membrane regions or signal peptide were detected using bioinformatics methods. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that rainbow trout SPATA4 was a nuclear protein with highest possibility (39.1%). Multi-tissue reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to examine the distribution of rainbow trout SPATA4 in eleven organs of adult rainbow trout. The result demonstrated that this gene express specifically in testis and slight amount of expression was detected in ovary. Further analysis of SPATA4 characterization and function in rainbow trout may provide insight into the understanding of gonadogenesis process.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 1995

This study was conducted to examine early gonadogenesis by using a histological method for the appearance of primordial germ cells (PGCs), protrude of genital ridge, and formation of primitive gonads in diploid and triploid mud loach, Misgurnus mizolepis. The pattern of early gonadogenesis including appearance of PGCs, formation of genital ridge, and development of primitive gonad in both diploid and triploid were not different histologically. Characteristics of PGCs of triploid were also the same as those of diploid. However, gonadal length of diploid was significantly longer than that of triploid (P<0.05).

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.401-406
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• 2008

Early gonadal development and sexual differentiation of dark-banded rockfish (Sebastes inermis Cuvier) were followed from parturition to 400 days post parturition (dpp). During this period, average total length (TL) increased from 0.57 to 13.18 cm. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) were first detected at 0.68 cm TL (10 dpp). When fish reached 1.52 cm TL (50 dpp), initial stages of ovarian differentiation were identified by the presence of PGCs containing condensed chromatin and their transformation into meiotic oocytes. At 10.23 cm TL (300 dpp), the ovaries gradually developed into oocytes in the primary yolk stages. Ovary growth was rapid after sex differentiation, but testis tissue continued to multiply without growing until fish reached 6.97 cm TL (200 dpp), after which the production of spermatocytes, spermatogonia, and cyst cells was apparent. Histological analysis of gonadal structure suggested a gonochoristic sexual development pathway. Our analysis of the sex ratio at 400 dpp showed a significantly higher proportion of males.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 2000

The primordial germ cell of the sweet fish was recognized from the 2-day old fry (tl : 0.66 cm), when it began to protrude into peritoneal cavity between meaonephric duct and gut. The primordial gonad, with the formation of genital ridge, developed on the 30-day old fry. Ovarian differentiation was identified by the presence of ovarian cavity and meiotic oocytes from the 90-day old fry (tl : 3.42 cm). Testicular differentiation was identified by the presence of spermatogonial cells with efferent duct from the 100-day old fry (11 : 4.50 cm). Hence the sweet fish belongs to the differentiated type of gonochoristic teleost.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.248-253
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• 2001

An histological study was conducted to determine the initial treatment time and treatment duration in the use of sex-reversal hormones in relation to gonadal development and sexual differentiation in the bagrid catfish, Leiocassis ussuriensis. The primordial germ cell, which could be recognized from one-day-old fry, began to protrude into the peritoneal cavity between the mesonephric duct and the gut. The primordial gonad with a genital ridge was developed at 5~10 days after hatching. Sex differentiation of the ovary was identified by the ovarian cavity and meiotic oocytes from 20-day-old larvae. Testicular differentiation was also identified by spermatogonial cells from 20-day-old larvae. It may therefore be concluded that this species belongs to the differentiated type of gonochoristic teleost.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.193-196
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• 2006

The process in the formation of primordial germ cells, primitive and early gonadogenesis were investigated by histological examination for the reproductive physiological study in the scorpion fish, Sebastiscus marmoratus. The primordial germ cells about $10\;{\mu}m$ in diameter were observed in the fibrous mesenchymal tissue located between gut and mesonephric duct of the larvae within the maternal body. As the fibrous epithelium extends to the direction of peritoneum, the primordial germ cells moved. From 31 days post parturition, the fibrous epithelium gets thicker, and the primitive gonad starts to form. From 49 days post parturition, as the primitive gonad of the primitive gonad extend, it starts to form cavity, and about 60 days post parturition, the formation of the ovarian cavity is completed. From 79 days post parturition, germ cells proliferated along the inner edge of the ovarian cavity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 1996

The appearance of the primordial germ cells (PGC's), early gonadogenesis, sex differentiation and sex ratio of the embryo in the viviparous teleost, Ditrema temmincki were investigated by using photomicroscopy. The PGC's were first observed in the fibrous mesenchymal tissue located between the early alimentary tract and the dorsal body wall in the late embryonic development stage. During the period from the hatching to the individual total length (TL) of 4.0 mm the PGC's were evenly distributed in the fibrous mesenchymal tissue between alimentary tract and body wall. But the period of TL 5.0 mm mesenchymal tissue separated from the dorsal body wall, the PGC's moved to the posterior mesenchymal tissue and formed the primitive gonad. During the early gonadogenesis, differentiation of the testis and ovary were distinguished from the arrangement of the germ cells and somatic cells. Gonad of embryo in TL 10.0 mm can be separated into the ovary and testis by external morphology. The testis had a separated form which was consisted with two lobes, and the ovary had a fused form in half-posterior part. In the testicular differentiation of the embryo, histological pattern of the seminiferous tubule appeared when TL of the embryo was to be 25.0 mm, for the seminal vesicle was formed In the individual TL of 30.0mm. The testis of the embryo with TL of 45.0 mm was similar to that of the adult fish in the external and internal structures. In the ovarian differentiation, formation of the ovigerous folds and the ovarian cavity were clearly observed when the TL reached to 30.0 mm. The ovary from the individual with TL of 60.0 mm was differentiated into a similar ovary as seen in the adult fish in the external and internal structure. Right before parturition the total length of the individual was approximately 63.0 mm of which the individual embryo has an ovary containing the oocytes in the chromatin nucleolus stage, or a testis containing the spermatogonia, respectively. And the embryonic sex ratio of female to male was 1.65 : 1. Ditrema temmincki is dioecism and the pattern of sex differentiation is belonged to a differentiation type.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.289-296
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• 2016

This report describes the sex differentiation of the Korean rose bitterling, Rhodeus uyekii, from hatching to 170 days post-hatch (DPH) in relation to total length (TL), body weight (BW), and integral water temperature (IWT). The growth curve of TL from just hatching to 83 DPH was $5.144e^{0.045t}$ ($R^2=0.961$; t, time), and that of BW was $2.398e^{0.086t}$ ($R^2=0.725$). Primordial germ cells (PGCs) were observed at 17 DPH (7.9 mm TL, 3.74 mg BW, $374^{\circ}C$ IWT), and thereafter began to protrude into the peritoneal cavity. At 21 DPH ($9.2{\pm}0.14mm$ TL, $4.8{\pm}0.07mg$ BW, $462^{\circ}C$ IWT), some PGCs contained condensed chromatin and oocyte were observed in meiotic prophase. In contrast to the ovaries, which grew gradually after sexual differentiation, testes began multiplying at 25 DPH (10.1 mm TL, 5.42 mg BW, $550^{\circ}C$ IWT), when testicular differentiation was first identified, and multiplied continuously thereafter. At 33 DPH (11.2 mm TL, 10.5 mg BW, $726^{\circ}C$ IWT), the developing testes contained spermatogonia that exhibited mitotic activity. No spermatocyte or sperm cell was observed until 83 DPH (18.9 TL, 48.2 mg BW, $1,826^{\circ}C$ IWT). At 170 DPH (32.5 mm TL, 270.1 mg BW, $3,740^{\circ}C$ IWT), which was the end point of this study, the mature ovaries showed germinal vesicle breakdown, while the mature testes contained observable spermatocytes and sperm cells. These results allow us to identify the sex differentiation type of the Korean rose bitterling as differentiated gonochoristic.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.141-148
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• 2009

Sex differentiation and gonad development were investigated in a marine medaka species, Oryzias dancena (Beloniformes; Teleostei). The average time to hatch was 11 days post-fertilization (dpf) at $25^{\circ}C$. Primordial germ cell (PGC) was first observed at 5 dpf and migrated to presumptive gonadal area between the gut and pronephric duct at 9 dpf. Male and female gonads were morphologically differentiated at 12 days post-hatching (dph). Early oocytes at perinucleolus stage as well as the formation of spermatid and efferent duct were observed at 28 dph. At 6 weeks of age, the ovary exhibited yolk granulation in many oocytes, while testis possessed a considerable number of spermatogonia and spermatids. The first ovulation was observed in 9-week-old females, and at the same age, males contained fully-matured spermatozoa. Data obtained in this study indicate that the gonad differentiation of O. dancena is the typical type of differentiated gonochorism.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.76-80
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• 2005

The early gonadal development and sex differentiation of the mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri was described from hatch to the 130th day post-hatch (DPH). Primordial germ cells were observed on the just hatched fry (5.10 mm in total length (TL)) and began to protrude into the peritoneal cavity between mesonephric duct and gut. The primordial gonad, with the formation of genital ridge, developed on the 8-10th DPH (10.77-12.47 mm TL). Ovarian differentiation was identified by the presence of ovarian cavity and meiotic oocytes from the 40th DPH (29.75 mm TL). Testicular differentiation was identified by the presence of spermatogonial cells with efferent duct also from the 40th DPH. Sex differentiation of the mandarin fish was identified as gonochoristic type.