• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.239-247
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• 2010

Species of fish such as striped beakperch, bluefin searobin and konoshiro gizzard shad are commercially very important due to their high demand in the Korean market. When estimating acoustically the abundance of stocks for these species, it is of crucial importance to know the target strength (TS) to the length dependence. In relation to these needs, the TS experiments were conducted on three different species in an acrylic salt water tank using two split-beam echo sounders of 70 and 120 kHz. The TS for these three species under the controlled condition was simultaneously measured with the swimming movement by a DVR system and analyzed as a function of fish length (L) and frequency (or wavelength $\lambda$). The equation of the form TS=a log (L)+b log ($\lambda$)+c was derived for their TS-length dependence. The best fit regression of TS on fork length for striped beakperch was estimated as TS=35.67 log (L, m) -15.67 log ($\lambda$, m) -46.69 ($r^2$=0.78). Furthermore, the best fit regression of TS on fork length for konoshiro gizzard shad was shown to be TS=25.85 log (L, m) -5.85 log ($\lambda$, m) -32.22 ($r^2$=0.51). The averaged TS for 12 bluefin searobins with a mean length of 24.36cm at 70 kHz was analyzed to be -41.55dB. In addition, the averaged tilt angle obtained simultaneously by a DVR system with TS measurements for 27 konoshiro gizzard shads swimming within an acrylic salt water tank was estimated at $-2.7^{\circ}$.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권8호
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• pp.2042-2049
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• 2019

Ten gizzard and three flesh samples of the broiler were collected from different locations in Tehsil Gujar Khan District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The samples were dried, crushed and ground. Pellets were prepared by pressing the powder of the samples and that of the Bovine liver 1577c reference material obtained from NIST, USA. Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) installed at National Center for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan has been used as a reliable and improved technique to determine concentration of various major/trace and toxic elements e.g. S, Cl, K, Ca, Cl, Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Zn, Ti, Cd, Ga, Cr, V and Ni, in the Gizzard and Flesh samples of the broiler. The concentrations of all the detected elements in the samples are statistically significant. The certified and measured values of the elements in the reference material were in agreement with each other within a deviation of 7%. S, Cl, K and Ca are within tolerable limits and are good for human consumption. Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were more than the acceptable limits of World Health Organization, WHO whereas Ga, As, Sn, Sb and Pb are not detected in most of the samples.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.109-118
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to increase the utilization of duck by-products. The nutritional characteristics of four kinds of duck by-products (liver, heart, gizzard, and feet) were determined. The quality changes of four kinds of duck by-products were evaluated during frozen storage at $-20^{\circ}C$. The crude protein and cholesterol contents showed the highest level in liver while the crude fat content was determined to be the highest content in feet at 13.90%, and lowest in gizzard at 0.57%. Duck by-products contained USFA in the range of 48.69-77.66%, and the highest level in feet (p<0.05). During storage of duck by-products at $-20^{\circ}C$, the pH of duck by-products was in the range of 6.24-7.15, and there were no significant differences during the 4 mon storage period at $-20^{\circ}C$. Microbial counts of duck by-products except the gizzard were decreased significantly as storage time elapsed. In the sensory evaluation, overall acceptability of by-products (liver, heart, gizzard and feet) showed a tendency of decreasing value through storage, because off-flavor was increased with increased storage. Considering the combined results, one can conclude that duck by-products provide a good source of protein, and it was judged that the use of raw meat would be most appropriate within 3 mon of frozen storage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.747-754
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• 2005

Nutritional regulation of gene expression associated with growth and feeding behavior in avian species can become an important technique to improve poultry production according to the supply of nutrients in the diet. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) found in chickens has been characterized to be a 70 amino acid polypeptide and plays an important role in growth and metabolism. Although it is been well known that IGF-I is highly associated with embryonic development and post-hatching growth, changes in the distribution of IGF-I gene expression throughout early- to late-embryogenesis have not been studied so far. We revealed that the developmental pattern of IGF-I gene expression during embryogenesis differed among various tissues. No bands of IGF-I mRNA were detected in embryonic liver at 7 days of incubation, and thereafter the amount of hepatic IGF-I mRNA was increased from 14 to 20 days of incubation. In eyes, a peak in IGF-I mRNA levels occurred at mid-embryogenesis, but by contrast, IGF-I mRNA was barely detectable in the heart throughout all incubation periods. In the muscle, no significant difference in IGF-I gene expression was observed during different stages of embryogenesis. After hatching, hepatic IGF-I gene expression as well as plasma IGF-I concentration increases rapidly with age, reaches a peak before sexual maturity, and then declines. The IGF-I gene expression is very sensitive to changes in nutritional conditions. Food-restriction and fasting decreased hepatic IGF-I gene expression and refeeding restored IGF-I gene expression to the level of fed chickens. Dietary protein is also a very strong factor in changing hepatic IGF-I gene expression. Refeeding with dietary protein alone successfully restored hepatic IGF-I gene expression of fasted chickens to the level of fed controls. In most circumstances, IGF-I makes a complex with specific high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). So far, four different IGFBPs have been identified in avian species and the major IGFBP in chicken plasma has been reported to be IGFBP-2. We studied the relationship between nutritional status and IGFBP-2 gene expression in various tissues of young chickens. In the liver of fed chickens, almost no IGFBP-2 mRNA was detected. However, fasting markedly increased hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression, and the level was reduced after refeeding. In the gizzard of well-fed young chickens, IGFBP-2 gene expression was detected and fasting significantly elevated gizzard IGFBP-2 mRNA levels to about double that of fed controls. After refeeding, gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression decreased similar to hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression. In the brain, IGFBP-2 mRNA was observed in fed chickens and had significantly decreased by fasting. In the kidney, IGFBP-2 gene expression was observed but not influenced by fasting and refeeding. Recently, we have demonstrated in vivo that gizzard and hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression in fasted chickens was rapidly reduced by intravenous administration of insulin, as indicated that in young chickens the reduction in gizzard and hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression in vivo stimulated by malnutrition may be, in part, regulated by means of the increase in plasma insulin concentration via an insulin-response element. The influence of dietary protein source (isolated soybean protein vs. casein) and the supplementation of essential amino acids on gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression was examined. In both soybean protein and casein diet groups, the deficiency of essential amino acids stimulated chickens to increase gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression. Although amino acid supplementation of a soybean protein diet significantly decreased gizzard IGFBP-2 mRNA levels, a similar reduction was not observed in chickens fed a casein diet supplemented with amino acids. This overview of nutritional regulation of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 gene expression in young chickens would serve for the establishment of the supply of nutrients to diets to improve poultry production.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.394-401
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• 1998

In present work, the development of processing for various fermented sea foods using low-usefulness marine resources were investigated. The optimum temperatures of autolysis were 35$^{\circ}C$ for hair tail, 45$^{\circ}C$ for gizzard shad, 30$^{\circ}C$ for kangdale, 30$^{\circ}C$ for pen shell and 30$^{\circ}C$ for oyster and when alcalse(Novo Co.) were added, optimum temperatures were 60$^{\circ}C$, 50$^{\circ}C$, 50$^{\circ}C$, 50$^{\circ}C$ and 50$^{\circ}C$, respectively, and protease N, P. (Pacific chem. enzyme mixture 2,000) were 55$^{\circ}C$, 60$^{\circ}C$, 50$^{\circ}C$, 50$^{\circ}C$ and 50$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Especially although exozymes and endozymes reacted at same time, hydrolysis rate of raw materials got to maximum at optimum temperatures of exozymes. The facts showed that exozymes dominated the hydrolysis reached max8imum at pH 9.0, and optimum hydrolysis time of all raw materials were 6 hours. And the optimum concentrations of exozymes were about 3.0% for hair tail, 4.5% for gizzard shad, 3.5% for kangdale, 3.0% for pen shell and 3.0% for oyster, respectively.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.402-408
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• 1998

A rapid processing method for fermented sauce of favorable flavor was investigated with low-usefulness marine resources. Hydrolyzed at optimal conditions for 6 hours usuing alcalase, and separated by molecularporous membrane. It's very effective for remove bitter taste at below M.W. 100 dalton, and effective at below M.W.500 dalton. Added 2% invert sugar in fermented sauce at below M.W.500 dalton, and thermal treatment at 100$^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes were improved flavor. Chemical composition of fermented sauce using hair tail were 80.7% of moisture, 2.2% of carbohydrate, 1.8% of total nitrogen, 1.6% of amino nitrogen and pH was 6.5. The ratio of amino nitrogen in total nitrogen was 77.8%. And chemical composition of fermented sauce used gizzard shad, kangdale, pen shell and oyster were similar to fermented sauce used hair tail. Total nitrogen were above 1.8% and the ratio of amino nitrogen in total nitrogen was 77.7∼84.2% in all fermented sauce. Amino acid contents in fermented sauce used hair tail, gizzard shad, kangdale, pen shell and oyster were 4,318.1mg%, 4,681.3mg%, 3,156.2mg% and 4,175.0mg%, respectively. And the predominant free amino acid were glutamic acid, lysine and glycine in all fermented sauce.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.66-68
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted investigate the of supplemental Cu and Zn methionine chelates on the performance, nutrient digestibility, serum IgG level, gizzard erosion, and Cu and Zn contents in the liver and excretion of broiler chickens. One thousand hatched broiler chickens (Ross) of one day old were assigned to 4 treatments:control(T1), 100ppm of copper in the from of Cu-methionine chelate(Cu-Met, T2), 100ppm of zinc in the from of Zn-methionine chelate(Zn-Met, T3) and 100ppm of copper plus 100ppm of zinc in the from of methionine chelate(Cu-Zn-Met, T4). Each treatment had four replications of 50 bird each. Weight gain of chicks fed chelated products were significantly higher than that of chicks fed control(P＜0.05).Combination of Cu and Zn chelates(Cu-Zn-Met) tended to show the best growth rate and feed conversion ratio. Nutrient digestibilities were not affected by dietary treatments. Serum IgG level of chicks fed Cu-Zn-Met was significantly higher than that of chicks fed control(P＜0.05). Gizzard erosion index was not significantly different among treatments. Contents of Cu and Zn in liver were not significantly affected by dietary treatments, whereas excretions of these minerals were significantly affected by dietary treatments.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.601-607
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• 2018

전어를 살만 첨가한 섞박지 김치와 전어의 살과 뼈를 함께 첨가한 수산물 첨가 김치와 일반 섞박지 김치를 $54^{\circ}C$에서 8주간 저장하면서 김치의 이화학적 특성 및 기호도 검사를 연구하였다. 수산물 첨가 김치의 pH와 산도는 일반 섞박지 김치와 같이 정상 발효 패턴을 나타내었다. 저장기간 중 수산물 첨가 김치의 pH는 일반 섞박지 김치에 비해 높았고 이에 반해 산도는 수산물 첨가 김치가 일반 섞박지 김치보다 높았다. 전어를 뼈 채 첨가한 섞박지 김치의 젖산세균 최대 균 수가 일반 섞박지 김치에 비해 높았으며, 전어를 뼈 채 첨가한 김치의 환원당 함량이 높았기 때문이다. 적숙기(pH $4.3{\pm}0.1$, 산도 $0.7{\pm}0.1%$)에 도달하는 시기는 전어 김치는 1주와 2주차 사이에 일반 섞박지 김치가 저장 3주차로 나타났다. 아미노태 질소의 함량은 전어를 뼈 채 포함한 김치가 가장 높게 나타났으며 일반김치가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 김치의 기호도 검사를 통해 적숙기에서 전어의 살만 첨가한 김치의 기호도가 상승하였으며 과숙기에는 전어의 살만 그리고 전어를 뼈 채 포함한 김치의 기호도가 상승하여 발효가 진행될수록 수산물 고유의 감칠맛이 김치의 맛을 더욱 증진시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.64-65
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• 2001

Seven hundred twenty 56 wks old ISA brown layers were assigned to five dietary treatments for 12 weeks. Each treatment was consisted of 6 replications with 24 birds. Control diet was formulated to have 15% CP, 2800kcal/kg ME, 3.8% Ca and Cu-methionine chelate(Cu-Met) were added to control diet at the level of 25, 50, 75, 100ppm in Cu. Supplementation of 25, 75, 100ppm Cu in from of Cu-Met s increased egg productions by 2.11, 3.84, 3.66%, compare with control. Egg weight also increased by supplementation of Cu at 50, 75, 100ppm in Cu-Met. Gizzard erosion tened to increase by supplementary Cu-Met but were not significantly different. Supplementation of Cu at the level of 75, 100ppm Cu-Met treatments decreased crude fat level in liver. It concludes that supplementation of Cu at level in the form of 75 or 100ppm methionine chelate improves egg production with heavier egg weight and decreases crude fat content in the liver.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.543-547
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• 2000

Quartz porphyry (QP) on the contents of mineral tissues of male common finch by feeding the basal diet (Control group) containing 3.0% QP (QP group) for 14 days was studied. The relative weight (mg/10 g body weight) of kidney and gizzard in the QP group were higher and lower than in the control group, respectively. However, the relative weight of liver and heart were not significantly different in the both groups. The mineral contents of liver, kidney, heart and gizzard were significantly higher in common finch fed with the diet containing quartz porphyry than that of control diet. The major minerals of these tissues were P, Ca and Fe.